diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/fantasy-calendar/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/fantasy-calendar/data.json index 80142695..3ed81ef9 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/fantasy-calendar/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/fantasy-calendar/data.json @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ "offset": 2 }, "current": { - "day": 13, + "day": 16, "month": 2, "year": 2022 }, @@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ "name": "Task" } ], - "date": 1645895127065, + "date": 1646076467180, "displayWeeks": false } ], diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json index 67c1c1a8..c8b02360 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-activity-history/data.json @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ "checkpointList": [ { "path": "/", - "date": "2022-02-26", - "size": 2180301 + "date": "2022-02-28", + "size": 2376380 } ], "activityHistory": [ @@ -218,7 +218,15 @@ }, { "date": "2022-02-26", - "value": 48903 + "value": 48943 + }, + { + "date": "2022-02-27", + "value": 216405 + }, + { + "date": "2022-02-28", + "value": 22358 } ] } diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/data.json index 6a1690eb..386fac04 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/data.json @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ }, "syntaxHighlight": false, "copyButton": true, - "version": "7.0.1", + "version": "7.0.2", "autoCollapse": false, "defaultCollapseType": "open", "syncLinks": true, diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/main.js index 210ba617..0756ff21 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/main.js +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/main.js @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ if you want to view the source, please visit the github repository of this plugi var a6=Object.create;var q1=Object.defineProperty;var e6=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;var i6=Object.getOwnPropertyNames;var n6=Object.getPrototypeOf,o6=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;var z4=a=>q1(a,"__esModule",{value:!0});var t6=(a,c)=>{z4(a);for(var e in c)q1(a,e,{get:c[e],enumerable:!0})},r6=(a,c,e)=>{if(c&&typeof c=="object"||typeof c=="function")for(let i of i6(c))!o6.call(a,i)&&i!=="default"&&q1(a,i,{get:()=>c[i],enumerable:!(e=e6(c,i))||e.enumerable});return a},j=a=>r6(z4(q1(a!=null?a6(n6(a)):{},"default",a&&a.__esModule&&"default"in a?{get:()=>a.default,enumerable:!0}:{value:a,enumerable:!0})),a);t6(exports,{default:()=>t4});var L=j(require("obsidian")),_3=j(require("@codemirror/language")),_=j(require("@codemirror/view")),K3=j(require("@codemirror/stream-parser")),d2=j(require("@codemirror/state"));var p4=j(require("obsidian")),p1=j(require("obsidian"));function l6(a,c){for(let e=0;e{for(let i of a){let{from:n,to:o}=i;if(n>=c&&n<=e||o>=c&&o<=e||ne)return!0}return!1},H2=a=>{if(p1.requireApiVersion&&(0,p1.requireApiVersion)("0.13.23"))return a.field(p1.editorLivePreviewField);{let c=a.field(p1.editorViewField),{state:e}=c.leaf.getViewState()??{};return e&&e.mode=="source"&&e.source==!1}};var C4='',Y1="admonition-add-command",M4='',_1="admonition-remove-command",g4='',x2="admonition-copy-content",H4='',I1="admonition-warning",K1=/^(?:> |\t|[ ]{4})\[!(\w+)(?::[ ]?(.+)?)?\](x|\+|\-)?/,$1={note:{type:"note",color:"68, 138, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"pencil-alt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},seealso:{type:"note",color:"68, 138, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"pencil-alt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},abstract:{type:"abstract",color:"0, 176, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"book"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},summary:{type:"abstract",color:"0, 176, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"book"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},tldr:{type:"abstract",color:"0, 176, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"book"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},info:{type:"info",color:"0, 184, 212",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"info-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},todo:{type:"info",color:"0, 184, 212",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"info-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},tip:{type:"tip",color:"0, 191, 165",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"fire"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},hint:{type:"tip",color:"0, 191, 165",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"fire"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},important:{type:"tip",color:"0, 191, 165",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"fire"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},success:{type:"success",color:"0, 200, 83",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"check-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},check:{type:"success",color:"0, 200, 83",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"check-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},done:{type:"success",color:"0, 200, 83",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"check-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},question:{type:"question",color:"100, 221, 23",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"question-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},help:{type:"question",color:"100, 221, 23",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"question-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},faq:{type:"question",color:"100, 221, 23",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"question-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},warning:{type:"warning",color:"255, 145, 0",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"exclamation-triangle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},caution:{type:"warning",color:"255, 145, 0",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"exclamation-triangle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},attention:{type:"warning",color:"255, 145, 0",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"exclamation-triangle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},failure:{type:"failure",color:"255, 82, 82",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"times-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},fail:{type:"failure",color:"255, 82, 82",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"times-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},missing:{type:"failure",color:"255, 82, 82",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"times-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},danger:{type:"danger",color:"255, 23, 68",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"bolt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},error:{type:"danger",color:"255, 23, 68",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"bolt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},bug:{type:"bug",color:"245, 0, 87",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"bug"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},example:{type:"example",color:"124, 77, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"list-ol"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},quote:{type:"quote",color:"158, 158, 158",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"quote-right"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},cite:{type:"quote",color:"158, 158, 158",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"quote-right"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1}};var g=j(require("obsidian"));var Z=j(require("obsidian"));var U="top",w="bottom",B="right",I="left",c2="auto",s1=[U,w,B,I],n1="start",a2="end",x4="clippingParents",e2="viewport",S1="popper",V4="reference",V2=s1.reduce(function(a,c){return a.concat([c+"-"+n1,c+"-"+a2])},[]),i2=[].concat(s1,[c2]).reduce(function(a,c){return a.concat([c,c+"-"+n1,c+"-"+a2])},[]),s6="beforeRead",f6="read",m6="afterRead",h6="beforeMain",v6="main",z6="afterMain",p6="beforeWrite",d6="write",u6="afterWrite",L4=[s6,f6,m6,h6,v6,z6,p6,d6,u6];function k(a){return a?(a.nodeName||"").toLowerCase():null}function Q(a){if(a==null)return window;if(a.toString()!=="[object Window]"){var c=a.ownerDocument;return c&&c.defaultView||window}return a}function o1(a){var c=Q(a).Element;return a instanceof c||a instanceof Element}function R(a){var c=Q(a).HTMLElement;return a instanceof c||a instanceof HTMLElement}function n2(a){if(typeof ShadowRoot=="undefined")return!1;var c=Q(a).ShadowRoot;return a instanceof c||a instanceof ShadowRoot}function C6(a){var c=a.state;Object.keys(c.elements).forEach(function(e){var i=c.styles[e]||{},n=c.attributes[e]||{},o=c.elements[e];!R(o)||!k(o)||(Object.assign(o.style,i),Object.keys(n).forEach(function(r){var t=n[r];t===!1?o.removeAttribute(r):o.setAttribute(r,t===!0?"":t)}))})}function M6(a){var c=a.state,e={popper:{position:c.options.strategy,left:"0",top:"0",margin:"0"},arrow:{position:"absolute"},reference:{}};return Object.assign(c.elements.popper.style,e.popper),c.styles=e,c.elements.arrow&&Object.assign(c.elements.arrow.style,e.arrow),function(){Object.keys(c.elements).forEach(function(i){var n=c.elements[i],o=c.attributes[i]||{},r=Object.keys(c.styles.hasOwnProperty(i)?c.styles[i]:e[i]),t=r.reduce(function(l,f){return l[f]="",l},{});!R(n)||!k(n)||(Object.assign(n.style,t),Object.keys(o).forEach(function(l){n.removeAttribute(l)}))})}}var b4={name:"applyStyles",enabled:!0,phase:"write",fn:C6,effect:M6,requires:["computeStyles"]};function E(a){return a.split("-")[0]}function J(a){var c=a.getBoundingClientRect();return{width:c.width,height:c.height,top:c.top,right:c.right,bottom:c.bottom,left:c.left,x:c.left,y:c.top}}function d1(a){var c=J(a),e=a.offsetWidth,i=a.offsetHeight;return Math.abs(c.width-e)<=1&&(e=c.width),Math.abs(c.height-i)<=1&&(i=c.height),{x:a.offsetLeft,y:a.offsetTop,width:e,height:i}}function w1(a,c){var e=c.getRootNode&&c.getRootNode();if(a.contains(c))return!0;if(e&&n2(e)){var i=c;do{if(i&&a.isSameNode(i))return!0;i=i.parentNode||i.host}while(i)}return!1}function P(a){return Q(a).getComputedStyle(a)}function L2(a){return["table","td","th"].indexOf(k(a))>=0}function T(a){return((o1(a)?a.ownerDocument:a.document)||window.document).documentElement}function t1(a){return k(a)==="html"?a:a.assignedSlot||a.parentNode||(n2(a)?a.host:null)||T(a)}function N4(a){return!R(a)||P(a).position==="fixed"?null:a.offsetParent}function g6(a){var c=navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("firefox")!==-1,e=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Trident")!==-1;if(e&&R(a)){var i=P(a);if(i.position==="fixed")return null}for(var n=t1(a);R(n)&&["html","body"].indexOf(k(n))<0;){var o=P(n);if(o.transform!=="none"||o.perspective!=="none"||o.contain==="paint"||["transform","perspective"].indexOf(o.willChange)!==-1||c&&o.willChange==="filter"||c&&o.filter&&o.filter!=="none")return n;n=n.parentNode}return null}function K(a){for(var c=Q(a),e=N4(a);e&&L2(e)&&P(e).position==="static";)e=N4(e);return e&&(k(e)==="html"||k(e)==="body"&&P(e).position==="static")?c:e||g6(a)||c}function u1(a){return["top","bottom"].indexOf(a)>=0?"x":"y"}var q=Math.max,f1=Math.min,k1=Math.round;function C1(a,c,e){return q(a,f1(c,e))}function E1(){return{top:0,right:0,bottom:0,left:0}}function D1(a){return Object.assign({},E1(),a)}function R1(a,c){return c.reduce(function(e,i){return e[i]=a,e},{})}var H6=function(c,e){return c=typeof c=="function"?c(Object.assign({},e.rects,{placement:e.placement})):c,D1(typeof c!="number"?c:R1(c,s1))};function x6(a){var c,e=a.state,i=a.name,n=a.options,o=e.elements.arrow,r=e.modifiersData.popperOffsets,t=E(e.placement),l=u1(t),f=[I,B].indexOf(t)>=0,s=f?"height":"width";if(!(!o||!r)){var m=H6(n.padding,e),h=d1(o),z=l==="y"?U:I,v=l==="y"?w:B,p=e.rects.reference[s]+e.rects.reference[l]-r[l]-e.rects.popper[s],d=r[l]-e.rects.reference[l],H=K(o),M=H?l==="y"?H.clientHeight||0:H.clientWidth||0:0,x=p/2-d/2,u=m[z],A=M-h[s]-m[v],V=M/2-h[s]/2+x,y=C1(u,V,A),N=l;e.modifiersData[i]=(c={},c[N]=y,c.centerOffset=y-V,c)}}function V6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=e.element,n=i===void 0?"[data-popper-arrow]":i;n!=null&&(typeof n=="string"&&(n=c.elements.popper.querySelector(n),!n)||!w1(c.elements.popper,n)||(c.elements.arrow=n))}var A4={name:"arrow",enabled:!0,phase:"main",fn:x6,effect:V6,requires:["popperOffsets"],requiresIfExists:["preventOverflow"]};var L6={top:"auto",right:"auto",bottom:"auto",left:"auto"};function b6(a){var c=a.x,e=a.y,i=window,n=i.devicePixelRatio||1;return{x:k1(k1(c*n)/n)||0,y:k1(k1(e*n)/n)||0}}function y4(a){var c,e=a.popper,i=a.popperRect,n=a.placement,o=a.offsets,r=a.position,t=a.gpuAcceleration,l=a.adaptive,f=a.roundOffsets,s=f===!0?b6(o):typeof f=="function"?f(o):o,m=s.x,h=m===void 0?0:m,z=s.y,v=z===void 0?0:z,p=o.hasOwnProperty("x"),d=o.hasOwnProperty("y"),H=I,M=U,x=window;if(l){var u=K(e),A="clientHeight",V="clientWidth";u===Q(e)&&(u=T(e),P(u).position!=="static"&&(A="scrollHeight",V="scrollWidth")),u=u,n===U&&(M=w,v-=u[A]-i.height,v*=t?1:-1),n===I&&(H=B,h-=u[V]-i.width,h*=t?1:-1)}var y=Object.assign({position:r},l&&L6);if(t){var N;return Object.assign({},y,(N={},N[M]=d?"0":"",N[H]=p?"0":"",N.transform=(x.devicePixelRatio||1)<2?"translate("+h+"px, "+v+"px)":"translate3d("+h+"px, "+v+"px, 0)",N))}return Object.assign({},y,(c={},c[M]=d?v+"px":"",c[H]=p?h+"px":"",c.transform="",c))}function N6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=e.gpuAcceleration,n=i===void 0?!0:i,o=e.adaptive,r=o===void 0?!0:o,t=e.roundOffsets,l=t===void 0?!0:t;if(!1)var f;var s={placement:E(c.placement),popper:c.elements.popper,popperRect:c.rects.popper,gpuAcceleration:n};c.modifiersData.popperOffsets!=null&&(c.styles.popper=Object.assign({},c.styles.popper,y4(Object.assign({},s,{offsets:c.modifiersData.popperOffsets,position:c.options.strategy,adaptive:r,roundOffsets:l})))),c.modifiersData.arrow!=null&&(c.styles.arrow=Object.assign({},c.styles.arrow,y4(Object.assign({},s,{offsets:c.modifiersData.arrow,position:"absolute",adaptive:!1,roundOffsets:l})))),c.attributes.popper=Object.assign({},c.attributes.popper,{"data-popper-placement":c.placement})}var S4={name:"computeStyles",enabled:!0,phase:"beforeWrite",fn:N6,data:{}};var o2={passive:!0};function A6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.instance,i=a.options,n=i.scroll,o=n===void 0?!0:n,r=i.resize,t=r===void 0?!0:r,l=Q(c.elements.popper),f=[].concat(c.scrollParents.reference,c.scrollParents.popper);return o&&f.forEach(function(s){s.addEventListener("scroll",e.update,o2)}),t&&l.addEventListener("resize",e.update,o2),function(){o&&f.forEach(function(s){s.removeEventListener("scroll",e.update,o2)}),t&&l.removeEventListener("resize",e.update,o2)}}var F4={name:"eventListeners",enabled:!0,phase:"write",fn:function(){},effect:A6,data:{}};var y6={left:"right",right:"left",bottom:"top",top:"bottom"};function F1(a){return a.replace(/left|right|bottom|top/g,function(c){return y6[c]})}var S6={start:"end",end:"start"};function t2(a){return a.replace(/start|end/g,function(c){return S6[c]})}function M1(a){var c=Q(a),e=c.pageXOffset,i=c.pageYOffset;return{scrollLeft:e,scrollTop:i}}function g1(a){return J(T(a)).left+M1(a).scrollLeft}function b2(a){var c=Q(a),e=T(a),i=c.visualViewport,n=e.clientWidth,o=e.clientHeight,r=0,t=0;return i&&(n=i.width,o=i.height,/^((?!chrome|android).)*safari/i.test(navigator.userAgent)||(r=i.offsetLeft,t=i.offsetTop)),{width:n,height:o,x:r+g1(a),y:t}}function N2(a){var c,e=T(a),i=M1(a),n=(c=a.ownerDocument)==null?void 0:c.body,o=q(e.scrollWidth,e.clientWidth,n?n.scrollWidth:0,n?n.clientWidth:0),r=q(e.scrollHeight,e.clientHeight,n?n.scrollHeight:0,n?n.clientHeight:0),t=-i.scrollLeft+g1(a),l=-i.scrollTop;return P(n||e).direction==="rtl"&&(t+=q(e.clientWidth,n?n.clientWidth:0)-o),{width:o,height:r,x:t,y:l}}function H1(a){var c=P(a),e=c.overflow,i=c.overflowX,n=c.overflowY;return/auto|scroll|overlay|hidden/.test(e+n+i)}function r2(a){return["html","body","#document"].indexOf(k(a))>=0?a.ownerDocument.body:R(a)&&H1(a)?a:r2(t1(a))}function m1(a,c){var e;c===void 0&&(c=[]);var i=r2(a),n=i===((e=a.ownerDocument)==null?void 0:e.body),o=Q(i),r=n?[o].concat(o.visualViewport||[],H1(i)?i:[]):i,t=c.concat(r);return n?t:t.concat(m1(t1(r)))}function Q1(a){return Object.assign({},a,{left:a.x,top:a.y,right:a.x+a.width,bottom:a.y+a.height})}function F6(a){var c=J(a);return c.top=c.top+a.clientTop,c.left=c.left+a.clientLeft,c.bottom=c.top+a.clientHeight,c.right=c.left+a.clientWidth,c.width=a.clientWidth,c.height=a.clientHeight,c.x=c.left,c.y=c.top,c}function Q4(a,c){return c===e2?Q1(b2(a)):R(c)?F6(c):Q1(N2(T(a)))}function Q6(a){var c=m1(t1(a)),e=["absolute","fixed"].indexOf(P(a).position)>=0,i=e&&R(a)?K(a):a;return o1(i)?c.filter(function(n){return o1(n)&&w1(n,i)&&k(n)!=="body"}):[]}function A2(a,c,e){var i=c==="clippingParents"?Q6(a):[].concat(c),n=[].concat(i,[e]),o=n[0],r=n.reduce(function(t,l){var f=Q4(a,l);return t.top=q(f.top,t.top),t.right=f1(f.right,t.right),t.bottom=f1(f.bottom,t.bottom),t.left=q(f.left,t.left),t},Q4(a,o));return r.width=r.right-r.left,r.height=r.bottom-r.top,r.x=r.left,r.y=r.top,r}function a1(a){return a.split("-")[1]}function T1(a){var c=a.reference,e=a.element,i=a.placement,n=i?E(i):null,o=i?a1(i):null,r=c.x+c.width/2-e.width/2,t=c.y+c.height/2-e.height/2,l;switch(n){case U:l={x:r,y:c.y-e.height};break;case w:l={x:r,y:c.y+c.height};break;case B:l={x:c.x+c.width,y:t};break;case I:l={x:c.x-e.width,y:t};break;default:l={x:c.x,y:c.y}}var f=n?u1(n):null;if(f!=null){var s=f==="y"?"height":"width";switch(o){case n1:l[f]=l[f]-(c[s]/2-e[s]/2);break;case a2:l[f]=l[f]+(c[s]/2-e[s]/2);break;default:}}return l}function $(a,c){c===void 0&&(c={});var e=c,i=e.placement,n=i===void 0?a.placement:i,o=e.boundary,r=o===void 0?x4:o,t=e.rootBoundary,l=t===void 0?e2:t,f=e.elementContext,s=f===void 0?S1:f,m=e.altBoundary,h=m===void 0?!1:m,z=e.padding,v=z===void 0?0:z,p=D1(typeof v!="number"?v:R1(v,s1)),d=s===S1?V4:S1,H=a.elements.reference,M=a.rects.popper,x=a.elements[h?d:s],u=A2(o1(x)?x:x.contextElement||T(a.elements.popper),r,l),A=J(H),V=T1({reference:A,element:M,strategy:"absolute",placement:n}),y=Q1(Object.assign({},M,V)),N=s===S1?y:A,F={top:u.top-N.top+p.top,bottom:N.bottom-u.bottom+p.bottom,left:u.left-N.left+p.left,right:N.right-u.right+p.right},S=a.modifiersData.offset;if(s===S1&&S){var D=S[n];Object.keys(F).forEach(function(i1){var W=[B,w].indexOf(i1)>=0?1:-1,h1=[U,w].indexOf(i1)>=0?"y":"x";F[i1]+=D[h1]*W})}return F}function y2(a,c){c===void 0&&(c={});var e=c,i=e.placement,n=e.boundary,o=e.rootBoundary,r=e.padding,t=e.flipVariations,l=e.allowedAutoPlacements,f=l===void 0?i2:l,s=a1(i),m=s?t?V2:V2.filter(function(v){return a1(v)===s}):s1,h=m.filter(function(v){return f.indexOf(v)>=0});h.length===0&&(h=m);var z=h.reduce(function(v,p){return v[p]=$(a,{placement:p,boundary:n,rootBoundary:o,padding:r})[E(p)],v},{});return Object.keys(z).sort(function(v,p){return z[v]-z[p]})}function U6(a){if(E(a)===c2)return[];var c=F1(a);return[t2(a),c,t2(c)]}function B6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=a.name;if(!c.modifiersData[i]._skip){for(var n=e.mainAxis,o=n===void 0?!0:n,r=e.altAxis,t=r===void 0?!0:r,l=e.fallbackPlacements,f=e.padding,s=e.boundary,m=e.rootBoundary,h=e.altBoundary,z=e.flipVariations,v=z===void 0?!0:z,p=e.allowedAutoPlacements,d=c.options.placement,H=E(d),M=H===d,x=l||(M||!v?[F1(d)]:U6(d)),u=[d].concat(x).reduce(function(z1,c1){return z1.concat(E(c1)===c2?y2(c,{placement:c1,boundary:s,rootBoundary:m,padding:f,flipVariations:v,allowedAutoPlacements:p}):c1)},[]),A=c.rects.reference,V=c.rects.popper,y=new Map,N=!0,F=u[0],S=0;S=0,B1=h1?"width":"height",b1=$(c,{placement:D,boundary:s,rootBoundary:m,altBoundary:h,padding:f}),v1=h1?W?B:I:W?w:U;A[B1]>V[B1]&&(v1=F1(v1));var u2=F1(v1),N1=[];if(o&&N1.push(b1[i1]<=0),t&&N1.push(b1[v1]<=0,b1[u2]<=0),N1.every(function(z1){return z1})){F=D,N=!1;break}y.set(D,N1)}if(N)for(var W1=v?3:1,C2=function(c1){var j1=u.find(function(M2){var y1=y.get(M2);if(y1)return y1.slice(0,c1).every(function(g2){return g2})});if(j1)return F=j1,"break"},A1=W1;A1>0;A1--){var X1=C2(A1);if(X1==="break")break}c.placement!==F&&(c.modifiersData[i]._skip=!0,c.placement=F,c.reset=!0)}}var U4={name:"flip",enabled:!0,phase:"main",fn:B6,requiresIfExists:["offset"],data:{_skip:!1}};function B4(a,c,e){return e===void 0&&(e={x:0,y:0}),{top:a.top-c.height-e.y,right:a.right-c.width+e.x,bottom:a.bottom-c.height+e.y,left:a.left-c.width-e.x}}function I4(a){return[U,B,w,I].some(function(c){return a[c]>=0})}function I6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.name,i=c.rects.reference,n=c.rects.popper,o=c.modifiersData.preventOverflow,r=$(c,{elementContext:"reference"}),t=$(c,{altBoundary:!0}),l=B4(r,i),f=B4(t,n,o),s=I4(l),m=I4(f);c.modifiersData[e]={referenceClippingOffsets:l,popperEscapeOffsets:f,isReferenceHidden:s,hasPopperEscaped:m},c.attributes.popper=Object.assign({},c.attributes.popper,{"data-popper-reference-hidden":s,"data-popper-escaped":m})}var w4={name:"hide",enabled:!0,phase:"main",requiresIfExists:["preventOverflow"],fn:I6};function w6(a,c,e){var i=E(a),n=[I,U].indexOf(i)>=0?-1:1,o=typeof e=="function"?e(Object.assign({},c,{placement:a})):e,r=o[0],t=o[1];return r=r||0,t=(t||0)*n,[I,B].indexOf(i)>=0?{x:t,y:r}:{x:r,y:t}}function k6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=a.name,n=e.offset,o=n===void 0?[0,0]:n,r=i2.reduce(function(s,m){return s[m]=w6(m,c.rects,o),s},{}),t=r[c.placement],l=t.x,f=t.y;c.modifiersData.popperOffsets!=null&&(c.modifiersData.popperOffsets.x+=l,c.modifiersData.popperOffsets.y+=f),c.modifiersData[i]=r}var k4={name:"offset",enabled:!0,phase:"main",requires:["popperOffsets"],fn:k6};function E6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.name;c.modifiersData[e]=T1({reference:c.rects.reference,element:c.rects.popper,strategy:"absolute",placement:c.placement})}var E4={name:"popperOffsets",enabled:!0,phase:"read",fn:E6,data:{}};function S2(a){return a==="x"?"y":"x"}function D6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=a.name,n=e.mainAxis,o=n===void 0?!0:n,r=e.altAxis,t=r===void 0?!1:r,l=e.boundary,f=e.rootBoundary,s=e.altBoundary,m=e.padding,h=e.tether,z=h===void 0?!0:h,v=e.tetherOffset,p=v===void 0?0:v,d=$(c,{boundary:l,rootBoundary:f,padding:m,altBoundary:s}),H=E(c.placement),M=a1(c.placement),x=!M,u=u1(H),A=S2(u),V=c.modifiersData.popperOffsets,y=c.rects.reference,N=c.rects.popper,F=typeof p=="function"?p(Object.assign({},c.rects,{placement:c.placement})):p,S={x:0,y:0};if(!!V){if(o||t){var D=u==="y"?U:I,i1=u==="y"?w:B,W=u==="y"?"height":"width",h1=V[u],B1=V[u]+d[D],b1=V[u]-d[i1],v1=z?-N[W]/2:0,u2=M===n1?y[W]:N[W],N1=M===n1?-N[W]:-y[W],W1=c.elements.arrow,C2=z&&W1?d1(W1):{width:0,height:0},A1=c.modifiersData["arrow#persistent"]?c.modifiersData["arrow#persistent"].padding:E1(),X1=A1[D],z1=A1[i1],c1=C1(0,y[W],C2[W]),j1=x?y[W]/2-v1-c1-X1-F:u2-c1-X1-F,M2=x?-y[W]/2+v1+c1+z1+F:N1+c1+z1+F,y1=c.elements.arrow&&K(c.elements.arrow),g2=y1?u==="y"?y1.clientTop||0:y1.clientLeft||0:0,r4=c.modifiersData.offset?c.modifiersData.offset[c.placement][u]:0,l4=V[u]+j1-r4-g2,s4=V[u]+M2-r4;if(o){var f4=C1(z?f1(B1,l4):B1,h1,z?q(b1,s4):b1);V[u]=f4,S[u]=f4-h1}if(t){var $3=u==="x"?U:I,c6=u==="x"?w:B,J1=V[A],m4=J1+d[$3],h4=J1-d[c6],v4=C1(z?f1(m4,l4):m4,J1,z?q(h4,s4):h4);V[A]=v4,S[A]=v4-J1}}c.modifiersData[i]=S}}var D4={name:"preventOverflow",enabled:!0,phase:"main",fn:D6,requiresIfExists:["offset"]};function F2(a){return{scrollLeft:a.scrollLeft,scrollTop:a.scrollTop}}function Q2(a){return a===Q(a)||!R(a)?M1(a):F2(a)}function U2(a,c,e){e===void 0&&(e=!1);var i=T(c),n=J(a),o=R(c),r={scrollLeft:0,scrollTop:0},t={x:0,y:0};return(o||!o&&!e)&&((k(c)!=="body"||H1(i))&&(r=Q2(c)),R(c)?(t=J(c),t.x+=c.clientLeft,t.y+=c.clientTop):i&&(t.x=g1(i))),{x:n.left+r.scrollLeft-t.x,y:n.top+r.scrollTop-t.y,width:n.width,height:n.height}}function R6(a){var c=new Map,e=new Set,i=[];a.forEach(function(o){c.set(o.name,o)});function n(o){e.add(o.name);var r=[].concat(o.requires||[],o.requiresIfExists||[]);r.forEach(function(t){if(!e.has(t)){var l=c.get(t);l&&n(l)}}),i.push(o)}return a.forEach(function(o){e.has(o.name)||n(o)}),i}function B2(a){var c=R6(a);return L4.reduce(function(e,i){return e.concat(c.filter(function(n){return n.phase===i}))},[])}function I2(a){var c;return function(){return c||(c=new Promise(function(e){Promise.resolve().then(function(){c=void 0,e(a())})})),c}}function w2(a){var c=a.reduce(function(e,i){var n=e[i.name];return e[i.name]=n?Object.assign({},n,i,{options:Object.assign({},n.options,i.options),data:Object.assign({},n.data,i.data)}):i,e},{});return Object.keys(c).map(function(e){return c[e]})}var R4={placement:"bottom",modifiers:[],strategy:"absolute"};function T4(){for(var a=arguments.length,c=new Array(a),e=0;e(this.setSelectedItem(this.selectedItem-1,!0),!1)),i.register([],"ArrowDown",()=>(this.setSelectedItem(this.selectedItem+1,!0),!1)),i.register([],"Enter",n=>(this.useSelectedItem(n),!1)),i.register([],"Tab",n=>(this.useSelectedItem(n),!1))}chooseSuggestion(c){if(!this.items||!this.items.length)return;let e=this.items[this.selectedItem];e&&this.owner.selectSuggestion(e,c)}onSuggestionClick(c,e){if(c.preventDefault(),!this.suggestions||!this.suggestions.length)return;let i=this.suggestions.indexOf(e);this.setSelectedItem(i,!1),this.useSelectedItem(c)}onSuggestionMouseover(c,e){if(!this.suggestions||!this.suggestions.length)return;let i=this.suggestions.indexOf(e);this.setSelectedItem(i,!1)}empty(){this.containerEl.empty()}setSuggestions(c){this.containerEl.empty();let e=[];c.forEach(i=>{let n=this.containerEl.createDiv("suggestion-item");this.owner.renderSuggestion(i,n),e.push(n)}),this.items=c,this.suggestions=e,this.setSelectedItem(0,!1)}useSelectedItem(c){if(!this.items||!this.items.length)return;let e=this.items[this.selectedItem];e&&this.owner.selectSuggestion(e,c),Z.Platform.isMobile&&this.chooseSuggestion(c)}wrap(c,e){return(c%e+e)%e}setSelectedItem(c,e){let i=this.wrap(c,this.suggestions.length),n=this.suggestions[this.selectedItem],o=this.suggestions[i];n&&n.removeClass("is-selected"),o&&o.addClass("is-selected"),this.selectedItem=i,e&&o.scrollIntoView(!1)}},E2=class extends Z.FuzzySuggestModal{constructor(c,e,i){super(c);this.items=[];this.scope=new Z.Scope;this.emptyStateText="No match found";this.limit=100;this.inputEl=e,this.items=i,this.suggestEl=createDiv("suggestion-container"),this.suggestEl.style.width=`${e.clientWidth}px`,this.contentEl=this.suggestEl.createDiv("suggestion"),this.suggester=new G4(this,this.contentEl,this.scope),this.scope.register([],"Escape",this.close.bind(this)),this.inputEl.addEventListener("input",this.onInputChanged.bind(this)),this.inputEl.addEventListener("focus",this.onInputChanged.bind(this)),this.inputEl.addEventListener("blur",this.close.bind(this)),this.suggestEl.on("mousedown",".suggestion-container",n=>{n.preventDefault()})}empty(){this.suggester.empty()}onInputChanged(){let c=this.modifyInput(this.inputEl.value),e=this.getSuggestions(c);e.length>0?this.suggester.setSuggestions(e.slice(0,this.limit)):this.onNoSuggestion(),this.open()}modifyInput(c){return c}onNoSuggestion(){this.empty(),this.renderSuggestion(null,this.contentEl.createDiv("suggestion-item"))}open(){this.app.keymap.pushScope(this.scope),document.body.appendChild(this.suggestEl),this.popper=k2(this.inputEl,this.suggestEl,{placement:"bottom-start",modifiers:[{name:"offset",options:{offset:[0,10]}},{name:"flip",options:{fallbackPlacements:["top"]}}]})}close(){this.app.keymap.popScope(this.scope),this.suggester.setSuggestions([]),this.popper&&this.popper.destroy(),this.suggestEl.detach()}createPrompt(c){this.promptEl||(this.promptEl=this.suggestEl.createDiv("prompt-instructions"));let e=this.promptEl.createDiv("prompt-instruction");for(let i of c)e.appendChild(i)}},D2=class extends E2{constructor(c,e){super(c.app,e.inputEl,c.iconManager.iconDefinitions);this.plugin=c;this.icons=c.iconManager.iconDefinitions,this.text=e,this.createPrompts(),this.inputEl.addEventListener("input",this.getItem.bind(this))}createPrompts(){}getItem(){let c=this.inputEl.value,e=this.icons.find(i=>i.name===c.trim());e!=this.icon&&(this.icon=e,this.icons&&this.onInputChanged())}getItemText(c){return c.name}onChooseItem(c){this.text.setValue(c.name),this.icon=c}selectSuggestion({item:c}){this.text.setValue(c.name),this.icon=c,this.onClose(),this.close()}renderSuggestion(c,e){let{item:i,match:n}=c||{},o=e.createDiv({cls:"suggestion-content icon"});if(!i){o.setText(this.emptyStateText),o.parentElement.addClass("is-selected");return}let r=n.matches.map(l=>createSpan("suggestion-highlight"));for(let l=0;ls[0]===l);if(f){let s=r[n.matches.indexOf(f)];o.appendChild(s),s.appendText(i.name.substring(f[0],f[1])),l+=f[1]-f[0]-1;continue}o.appendText(i.name[l])}let t=createDiv("suggestion-flair admonition-suggester-icon");t.appendChild(this.plugin.iconManager.getIconNode(i)),o.prepend(t),o.createDiv({cls:"suggestion-note",text:this.plugin.iconManager.getIconModuleName(i)})}getItems(){return this.icons}},P4=class extends E2{constructor(c,e,i){super(c.app,e.inputEl,i);this.plugin=c;this.admonitions=[...i],this.text=e,this.createPrompts(),this.inputEl.addEventListener("input",this.getItem.bind(this))}createPrompts(){}getItem(){let c=this.inputEl.value,e=this.admonitions.find(i=>i.type===c.trim());e!=this.admonition&&(this.admonition=e,this.admonitions&&this.onInputChanged())}getItemText(c){return c.type}onChooseItem(c){this.text.setValue(c.type),this.admonition=c}selectSuggestion({item:c}){this.text.setValue(c.type),this.onClose(),this.close()}renderSuggestion(c,e){let{item:i,match:n}=c||{},o=e.createDiv({cls:"suggestion-content icon"});if(!i){o.setText(this.emptyStateText),o.parentElement.addClass("is-selected");return}let r=n.matches.map(l=>createSpan("suggestion-highlight"));for(let l=0;ls[0]===l);if(f){let s=r[n.matches.indexOf(f)];o.appendChild(s),s.appendText(i.type.substring(f[0],f[1])),l+=f[1]-f[0]-1;continue}o.appendText(i.type[l])}let t=createDiv("suggestion-flair admonition-suggester-icon");t.appendChild(this.plugin.iconManager.getIconNode(i.icon)).setAttribute("color",`rgb(${i.color})`),o.prepend(t)}getItems(){return this.admonitions}},R2=class extends Z.Modal{constructor(c,e){super(c.app);this.plugin=c;this.editor=e;this.collapse=this.plugin.data.autoCollapse?this.plugin.data.defaultCollapseType:"none";this.containerEl.addClass("insert-admonition-modal"),this.onOpen=()=>this.display(!0)}async display(c){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty(),new Z.Setting(e).setName("Admonition Type").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder("Admonition Type").setValue(this.type);let l=new P4(this.plugin,t,this.plugin.admonitionArray),f=()=>{t.inputEl.value&&this.plugin.admonitions[t.inputEl.value]?(this.type=t.inputEl.value,this.title?.length||(this.title=this.type[0].toUpperCase()+this.type.slice(1).toLowerCase()),n.setValue(this.title)):(new Z.Notice("No admonition type by that name exists."),t.inputEl.value=""),this.buildAdmonition()};t.inputEl.onblur=f,l.onClose=f,c&&(l.open(),t.inputEl.focus())});let n;new Z.Setting(e).setName("Admonition Title").setDesc("Leave blank to render without a title.").addText(t=>{n=t,t.setValue(this.title),t.onChange(l=>{if(this.title=l,l.length==0?this.noTitle=!0:this.noTitle=!1,this.element){let f=this.plugin.admonitions[this.type],s=this.plugin.getAdmonitionElement(this.type,this.title,f.icon,f.injectColor??this.plugin.data.injectColor?f.color:null,this.collapse);s.createDiv({cls:"admonition-content",text:"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla et euismod nulla."}),this.element.replaceWith(s),this.element=s}})}),new Z.Setting(e).setName("Make Collapsible").addDropdown(t=>{t.addOption("open","Open"),t.addOption("closed","Closed"),t.addOption("none","None"),t.setValue(this.collapse),t.onChange(l=>{this.collapse=l,this.buildAdmonition()})}),this.admonitionEl=this.contentEl.createDiv(),this.buildAdmonition(),new Z.Setting(e).addButton(t=>t.setButtonText("Insert").setCta().onClick(()=>{try{let l="",f="";this.title.length&&this.title.toLowerCase()!=this.type.toLowerCase()&&(l=`title: ${this.title} +`);return s!==void 0&&s!=="none"&&s!=="open"&&s!=="closed"&&(s="closed"),"title"in l||e.noTitle||(f=i),f&&f.trim()===""&&s!==void 0&&s!=="none"&&(f=i,new p4.Notice("An admonition must have a title if it is collapsible.")),{title:f,collapse:s,content:z,icon:m,color:h}}var u4=(a,c,e)=>{for(let i of a){let{from:n,to:o}=i;if(n>=c&&n<=e||o>=c&&o<=e||ne)return!0}return!1},H2=a=>{if(p1.requireApiVersion&&(0,p1.requireApiVersion)("0.13.23"))return a.field(p1.editorLivePreviewField);{let c=a.field(p1.editorViewField),{state:e}=c.leaf.getViewState()??{};return e&&e.mode=="source"&&e.source==!1}};var C4='',Y1="admonition-add-command",M4='',_1="admonition-remove-command",g4='',x2="admonition-copy-content",H4='',I1="admonition-warning",K1=/^(?:> |\t|[ ]{4})\[!([^ :]+)(?::[ ]?(.+)?)?\](x|\+|\-)?/,$1={note:{type:"note",color:"68, 138, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"pencil-alt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},seealso:{type:"note",color:"68, 138, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"pencil-alt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},abstract:{type:"abstract",color:"0, 176, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"book"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},summary:{type:"abstract",color:"0, 176, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"book"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},tldr:{type:"abstract",color:"0, 176, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"book"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},info:{type:"info",color:"0, 184, 212",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"info-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},todo:{type:"info",color:"0, 184, 212",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"info-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},tip:{type:"tip",color:"0, 191, 165",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"fire"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},hint:{type:"tip",color:"0, 191, 165",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"fire"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},important:{type:"tip",color:"0, 191, 165",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"fire"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},success:{type:"success",color:"0, 200, 83",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"check-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},check:{type:"success",color:"0, 200, 83",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"check-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},done:{type:"success",color:"0, 200, 83",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"check-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},question:{type:"question",color:"100, 221, 23",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"question-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},help:{type:"question",color:"100, 221, 23",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"question-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},faq:{type:"question",color:"100, 221, 23",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"question-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},warning:{type:"warning",color:"255, 145, 0",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"exclamation-triangle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},caution:{type:"warning",color:"255, 145, 0",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"exclamation-triangle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},attention:{type:"warning",color:"255, 145, 0",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"exclamation-triangle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},failure:{type:"failure",color:"255, 82, 82",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"times-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},fail:{type:"failure",color:"255, 82, 82",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"times-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},missing:{type:"failure",color:"255, 82, 82",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"times-circle"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},danger:{type:"danger",color:"255, 23, 68",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"bolt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},error:{type:"danger",color:"255, 23, 68",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"bolt"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},bug:{type:"bug",color:"245, 0, 87",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"bug"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},example:{type:"example",color:"124, 77, 255",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"list-ol"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},quote:{type:"quote",color:"158, 158, 158",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"quote-right"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1},cite:{type:"quote",color:"158, 158, 158",icon:{type:"font-awesome",name:"quote-right"},command:!1,injectColor:!0,noTitle:!1,copy:!1}};var g=j(require("obsidian"));var Z=j(require("obsidian"));var U="top",w="bottom",B="right",I="left",c2="auto",s1=[U,w,B,I],n1="start",a2="end",x4="clippingParents",e2="viewport",S1="popper",V4="reference",V2=s1.reduce(function(a,c){return a.concat([c+"-"+n1,c+"-"+a2])},[]),i2=[].concat(s1,[c2]).reduce(function(a,c){return a.concat([c,c+"-"+n1,c+"-"+a2])},[]),s6="beforeRead",f6="read",m6="afterRead",h6="beforeMain",v6="main",z6="afterMain",p6="beforeWrite",d6="write",u6="afterWrite",L4=[s6,f6,m6,h6,v6,z6,p6,d6,u6];function k(a){return a?(a.nodeName||"").toLowerCase():null}function Q(a){if(a==null)return window;if(a.toString()!=="[object Window]"){var c=a.ownerDocument;return c&&c.defaultView||window}return a}function o1(a){var c=Q(a).Element;return a instanceof c||a instanceof Element}function R(a){var c=Q(a).HTMLElement;return a instanceof c||a instanceof HTMLElement}function n2(a){if(typeof ShadowRoot=="undefined")return!1;var c=Q(a).ShadowRoot;return a instanceof c||a instanceof ShadowRoot}function C6(a){var c=a.state;Object.keys(c.elements).forEach(function(e){var i=c.styles[e]||{},n=c.attributes[e]||{},o=c.elements[e];!R(o)||!k(o)||(Object.assign(o.style,i),Object.keys(n).forEach(function(r){var t=n[r];t===!1?o.removeAttribute(r):o.setAttribute(r,t===!0?"":t)}))})}function M6(a){var c=a.state,e={popper:{position:c.options.strategy,left:"0",top:"0",margin:"0"},arrow:{position:"absolute"},reference:{}};return Object.assign(c.elements.popper.style,e.popper),c.styles=e,c.elements.arrow&&Object.assign(c.elements.arrow.style,e.arrow),function(){Object.keys(c.elements).forEach(function(i){var n=c.elements[i],o=c.attributes[i]||{},r=Object.keys(c.styles.hasOwnProperty(i)?c.styles[i]:e[i]),t=r.reduce(function(l,f){return l[f]="",l},{});!R(n)||!k(n)||(Object.assign(n.style,t),Object.keys(o).forEach(function(l){n.removeAttribute(l)}))})}}var b4={name:"applyStyles",enabled:!0,phase:"write",fn:C6,effect:M6,requires:["computeStyles"]};function E(a){return a.split("-")[0]}function J(a){var c=a.getBoundingClientRect();return{width:c.width,height:c.height,top:c.top,right:c.right,bottom:c.bottom,left:c.left,x:c.left,y:c.top}}function d1(a){var c=J(a),e=a.offsetWidth,i=a.offsetHeight;return Math.abs(c.width-e)<=1&&(e=c.width),Math.abs(c.height-i)<=1&&(i=c.height),{x:a.offsetLeft,y:a.offsetTop,width:e,height:i}}function w1(a,c){var e=c.getRootNode&&c.getRootNode();if(a.contains(c))return!0;if(e&&n2(e)){var i=c;do{if(i&&a.isSameNode(i))return!0;i=i.parentNode||i.host}while(i)}return!1}function P(a){return Q(a).getComputedStyle(a)}function L2(a){return["table","td","th"].indexOf(k(a))>=0}function T(a){return((o1(a)?a.ownerDocument:a.document)||window.document).documentElement}function t1(a){return k(a)==="html"?a:a.assignedSlot||a.parentNode||(n2(a)?a.host:null)||T(a)}function N4(a){return!R(a)||P(a).position==="fixed"?null:a.offsetParent}function g6(a){var c=navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("firefox")!==-1,e=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Trident")!==-1;if(e&&R(a)){var i=P(a);if(i.position==="fixed")return null}for(var n=t1(a);R(n)&&["html","body"].indexOf(k(n))<0;){var o=P(n);if(o.transform!=="none"||o.perspective!=="none"||o.contain==="paint"||["transform","perspective"].indexOf(o.willChange)!==-1||c&&o.willChange==="filter"||c&&o.filter&&o.filter!=="none")return n;n=n.parentNode}return null}function K(a){for(var c=Q(a),e=N4(a);e&&L2(e)&&P(e).position==="static";)e=N4(e);return e&&(k(e)==="html"||k(e)==="body"&&P(e).position==="static")?c:e||g6(a)||c}function u1(a){return["top","bottom"].indexOf(a)>=0?"x":"y"}var q=Math.max,f1=Math.min,k1=Math.round;function C1(a,c,e){return q(a,f1(c,e))}function E1(){return{top:0,right:0,bottom:0,left:0}}function D1(a){return Object.assign({},E1(),a)}function R1(a,c){return c.reduce(function(e,i){return e[i]=a,e},{})}var H6=function(c,e){return c=typeof c=="function"?c(Object.assign({},e.rects,{placement:e.placement})):c,D1(typeof c!="number"?c:R1(c,s1))};function x6(a){var c,e=a.state,i=a.name,n=a.options,o=e.elements.arrow,r=e.modifiersData.popperOffsets,t=E(e.placement),l=u1(t),f=[I,B].indexOf(t)>=0,s=f?"height":"width";if(!(!o||!r)){var m=H6(n.padding,e),h=d1(o),z=l==="y"?U:I,v=l==="y"?w:B,p=e.rects.reference[s]+e.rects.reference[l]-r[l]-e.rects.popper[s],d=r[l]-e.rects.reference[l],H=K(o),M=H?l==="y"?H.clientHeight||0:H.clientWidth||0:0,x=p/2-d/2,u=m[z],A=M-h[s]-m[v],V=M/2-h[s]/2+x,y=C1(u,V,A),N=l;e.modifiersData[i]=(c={},c[N]=y,c.centerOffset=y-V,c)}}function V6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=e.element,n=i===void 0?"[data-popper-arrow]":i;n!=null&&(typeof n=="string"&&(n=c.elements.popper.querySelector(n),!n)||!w1(c.elements.popper,n)||(c.elements.arrow=n))}var A4={name:"arrow",enabled:!0,phase:"main",fn:x6,effect:V6,requires:["popperOffsets"],requiresIfExists:["preventOverflow"]};var L6={top:"auto",right:"auto",bottom:"auto",left:"auto"};function b6(a){var c=a.x,e=a.y,i=window,n=i.devicePixelRatio||1;return{x:k1(k1(c*n)/n)||0,y:k1(k1(e*n)/n)||0}}function y4(a){var c,e=a.popper,i=a.popperRect,n=a.placement,o=a.offsets,r=a.position,t=a.gpuAcceleration,l=a.adaptive,f=a.roundOffsets,s=f===!0?b6(o):typeof f=="function"?f(o):o,m=s.x,h=m===void 0?0:m,z=s.y,v=z===void 0?0:z,p=o.hasOwnProperty("x"),d=o.hasOwnProperty("y"),H=I,M=U,x=window;if(l){var u=K(e),A="clientHeight",V="clientWidth";u===Q(e)&&(u=T(e),P(u).position!=="static"&&(A="scrollHeight",V="scrollWidth")),u=u,n===U&&(M=w,v-=u[A]-i.height,v*=t?1:-1),n===I&&(H=B,h-=u[V]-i.width,h*=t?1:-1)}var y=Object.assign({position:r},l&&L6);if(t){var N;return Object.assign({},y,(N={},N[M]=d?"0":"",N[H]=p?"0":"",N.transform=(x.devicePixelRatio||1)<2?"translate("+h+"px, "+v+"px)":"translate3d("+h+"px, "+v+"px, 0)",N))}return Object.assign({},y,(c={},c[M]=d?v+"px":"",c[H]=p?h+"px":"",c.transform="",c))}function N6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=e.gpuAcceleration,n=i===void 0?!0:i,o=e.adaptive,r=o===void 0?!0:o,t=e.roundOffsets,l=t===void 0?!0:t;if(!1)var f;var s={placement:E(c.placement),popper:c.elements.popper,popperRect:c.rects.popper,gpuAcceleration:n};c.modifiersData.popperOffsets!=null&&(c.styles.popper=Object.assign({},c.styles.popper,y4(Object.assign({},s,{offsets:c.modifiersData.popperOffsets,position:c.options.strategy,adaptive:r,roundOffsets:l})))),c.modifiersData.arrow!=null&&(c.styles.arrow=Object.assign({},c.styles.arrow,y4(Object.assign({},s,{offsets:c.modifiersData.arrow,position:"absolute",adaptive:!1,roundOffsets:l})))),c.attributes.popper=Object.assign({},c.attributes.popper,{"data-popper-placement":c.placement})}var S4={name:"computeStyles",enabled:!0,phase:"beforeWrite",fn:N6,data:{}};var o2={passive:!0};function A6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.instance,i=a.options,n=i.scroll,o=n===void 0?!0:n,r=i.resize,t=r===void 0?!0:r,l=Q(c.elements.popper),f=[].concat(c.scrollParents.reference,c.scrollParents.popper);return o&&f.forEach(function(s){s.addEventListener("scroll",e.update,o2)}),t&&l.addEventListener("resize",e.update,o2),function(){o&&f.forEach(function(s){s.removeEventListener("scroll",e.update,o2)}),t&&l.removeEventListener("resize",e.update,o2)}}var F4={name:"eventListeners",enabled:!0,phase:"write",fn:function(){},effect:A6,data:{}};var y6={left:"right",right:"left",bottom:"top",top:"bottom"};function F1(a){return a.replace(/left|right|bottom|top/g,function(c){return y6[c]})}var S6={start:"end",end:"start"};function t2(a){return a.replace(/start|end/g,function(c){return S6[c]})}function M1(a){var c=Q(a),e=c.pageXOffset,i=c.pageYOffset;return{scrollLeft:e,scrollTop:i}}function g1(a){return J(T(a)).left+M1(a).scrollLeft}function b2(a){var c=Q(a),e=T(a),i=c.visualViewport,n=e.clientWidth,o=e.clientHeight,r=0,t=0;return i&&(n=i.width,o=i.height,/^((?!chrome|android).)*safari/i.test(navigator.userAgent)||(r=i.offsetLeft,t=i.offsetTop)),{width:n,height:o,x:r+g1(a),y:t}}function N2(a){var c,e=T(a),i=M1(a),n=(c=a.ownerDocument)==null?void 0:c.body,o=q(e.scrollWidth,e.clientWidth,n?n.scrollWidth:0,n?n.clientWidth:0),r=q(e.scrollHeight,e.clientHeight,n?n.scrollHeight:0,n?n.clientHeight:0),t=-i.scrollLeft+g1(a),l=-i.scrollTop;return P(n||e).direction==="rtl"&&(t+=q(e.clientWidth,n?n.clientWidth:0)-o),{width:o,height:r,x:t,y:l}}function H1(a){var c=P(a),e=c.overflow,i=c.overflowX,n=c.overflowY;return/auto|scroll|overlay|hidden/.test(e+n+i)}function r2(a){return["html","body","#document"].indexOf(k(a))>=0?a.ownerDocument.body:R(a)&&H1(a)?a:r2(t1(a))}function m1(a,c){var e;c===void 0&&(c=[]);var i=r2(a),n=i===((e=a.ownerDocument)==null?void 0:e.body),o=Q(i),r=n?[o].concat(o.visualViewport||[],H1(i)?i:[]):i,t=c.concat(r);return n?t:t.concat(m1(t1(r)))}function Q1(a){return Object.assign({},a,{left:a.x,top:a.y,right:a.x+a.width,bottom:a.y+a.height})}function F6(a){var c=J(a);return c.top=c.top+a.clientTop,c.left=c.left+a.clientLeft,c.bottom=c.top+a.clientHeight,c.right=c.left+a.clientWidth,c.width=a.clientWidth,c.height=a.clientHeight,c.x=c.left,c.y=c.top,c}function Q4(a,c){return c===e2?Q1(b2(a)):R(c)?F6(c):Q1(N2(T(a)))}function Q6(a){var c=m1(t1(a)),e=["absolute","fixed"].indexOf(P(a).position)>=0,i=e&&R(a)?K(a):a;return o1(i)?c.filter(function(n){return o1(n)&&w1(n,i)&&k(n)!=="body"}):[]}function A2(a,c,e){var i=c==="clippingParents"?Q6(a):[].concat(c),n=[].concat(i,[e]),o=n[0],r=n.reduce(function(t,l){var f=Q4(a,l);return t.top=q(f.top,t.top),t.right=f1(f.right,t.right),t.bottom=f1(f.bottom,t.bottom),t.left=q(f.left,t.left),t},Q4(a,o));return r.width=r.right-r.left,r.height=r.bottom-r.top,r.x=r.left,r.y=r.top,r}function a1(a){return a.split("-")[1]}function T1(a){var c=a.reference,e=a.element,i=a.placement,n=i?E(i):null,o=i?a1(i):null,r=c.x+c.width/2-e.width/2,t=c.y+c.height/2-e.height/2,l;switch(n){case U:l={x:r,y:c.y-e.height};break;case w:l={x:r,y:c.y+c.height};break;case B:l={x:c.x+c.width,y:t};break;case I:l={x:c.x-e.width,y:t};break;default:l={x:c.x,y:c.y}}var f=n?u1(n):null;if(f!=null){var s=f==="y"?"height":"width";switch(o){case n1:l[f]=l[f]-(c[s]/2-e[s]/2);break;case a2:l[f]=l[f]+(c[s]/2-e[s]/2);break;default:}}return l}function $(a,c){c===void 0&&(c={});var e=c,i=e.placement,n=i===void 0?a.placement:i,o=e.boundary,r=o===void 0?x4:o,t=e.rootBoundary,l=t===void 0?e2:t,f=e.elementContext,s=f===void 0?S1:f,m=e.altBoundary,h=m===void 0?!1:m,z=e.padding,v=z===void 0?0:z,p=D1(typeof v!="number"?v:R1(v,s1)),d=s===S1?V4:S1,H=a.elements.reference,M=a.rects.popper,x=a.elements[h?d:s],u=A2(o1(x)?x:x.contextElement||T(a.elements.popper),r,l),A=J(H),V=T1({reference:A,element:M,strategy:"absolute",placement:n}),y=Q1(Object.assign({},M,V)),N=s===S1?y:A,F={top:u.top-N.top+p.top,bottom:N.bottom-u.bottom+p.bottom,left:u.left-N.left+p.left,right:N.right-u.right+p.right},S=a.modifiersData.offset;if(s===S1&&S){var D=S[n];Object.keys(F).forEach(function(i1){var W=[B,w].indexOf(i1)>=0?1:-1,h1=[U,w].indexOf(i1)>=0?"y":"x";F[i1]+=D[h1]*W})}return F}function y2(a,c){c===void 0&&(c={});var e=c,i=e.placement,n=e.boundary,o=e.rootBoundary,r=e.padding,t=e.flipVariations,l=e.allowedAutoPlacements,f=l===void 0?i2:l,s=a1(i),m=s?t?V2:V2.filter(function(v){return a1(v)===s}):s1,h=m.filter(function(v){return f.indexOf(v)>=0});h.length===0&&(h=m);var z=h.reduce(function(v,p){return v[p]=$(a,{placement:p,boundary:n,rootBoundary:o,padding:r})[E(p)],v},{});return Object.keys(z).sort(function(v,p){return z[v]-z[p]})}function U6(a){if(E(a)===c2)return[];var c=F1(a);return[t2(a),c,t2(c)]}function B6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=a.name;if(!c.modifiersData[i]._skip){for(var n=e.mainAxis,o=n===void 0?!0:n,r=e.altAxis,t=r===void 0?!0:r,l=e.fallbackPlacements,f=e.padding,s=e.boundary,m=e.rootBoundary,h=e.altBoundary,z=e.flipVariations,v=z===void 0?!0:z,p=e.allowedAutoPlacements,d=c.options.placement,H=E(d),M=H===d,x=l||(M||!v?[F1(d)]:U6(d)),u=[d].concat(x).reduce(function(z1,c1){return z1.concat(E(c1)===c2?y2(c,{placement:c1,boundary:s,rootBoundary:m,padding:f,flipVariations:v,allowedAutoPlacements:p}):c1)},[]),A=c.rects.reference,V=c.rects.popper,y=new Map,N=!0,F=u[0],S=0;S=0,B1=h1?"width":"height",b1=$(c,{placement:D,boundary:s,rootBoundary:m,altBoundary:h,padding:f}),v1=h1?W?B:I:W?w:U;A[B1]>V[B1]&&(v1=F1(v1));var u2=F1(v1),N1=[];if(o&&N1.push(b1[i1]<=0),t&&N1.push(b1[v1]<=0,b1[u2]<=0),N1.every(function(z1){return z1})){F=D,N=!1;break}y.set(D,N1)}if(N)for(var W1=v?3:1,C2=function(c1){var j1=u.find(function(M2){var y1=y.get(M2);if(y1)return y1.slice(0,c1).every(function(g2){return g2})});if(j1)return F=j1,"break"},A1=W1;A1>0;A1--){var X1=C2(A1);if(X1==="break")break}c.placement!==F&&(c.modifiersData[i]._skip=!0,c.placement=F,c.reset=!0)}}var U4={name:"flip",enabled:!0,phase:"main",fn:B6,requiresIfExists:["offset"],data:{_skip:!1}};function B4(a,c,e){return e===void 0&&(e={x:0,y:0}),{top:a.top-c.height-e.y,right:a.right-c.width+e.x,bottom:a.bottom-c.height+e.y,left:a.left-c.width-e.x}}function I4(a){return[U,B,w,I].some(function(c){return a[c]>=0})}function I6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.name,i=c.rects.reference,n=c.rects.popper,o=c.modifiersData.preventOverflow,r=$(c,{elementContext:"reference"}),t=$(c,{altBoundary:!0}),l=B4(r,i),f=B4(t,n,o),s=I4(l),m=I4(f);c.modifiersData[e]={referenceClippingOffsets:l,popperEscapeOffsets:f,isReferenceHidden:s,hasPopperEscaped:m},c.attributes.popper=Object.assign({},c.attributes.popper,{"data-popper-reference-hidden":s,"data-popper-escaped":m})}var w4={name:"hide",enabled:!0,phase:"main",requiresIfExists:["preventOverflow"],fn:I6};function w6(a,c,e){var i=E(a),n=[I,U].indexOf(i)>=0?-1:1,o=typeof e=="function"?e(Object.assign({},c,{placement:a})):e,r=o[0],t=o[1];return r=r||0,t=(t||0)*n,[I,B].indexOf(i)>=0?{x:t,y:r}:{x:r,y:t}}function k6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=a.name,n=e.offset,o=n===void 0?[0,0]:n,r=i2.reduce(function(s,m){return s[m]=w6(m,c.rects,o),s},{}),t=r[c.placement],l=t.x,f=t.y;c.modifiersData.popperOffsets!=null&&(c.modifiersData.popperOffsets.x+=l,c.modifiersData.popperOffsets.y+=f),c.modifiersData[i]=r}var k4={name:"offset",enabled:!0,phase:"main",requires:["popperOffsets"],fn:k6};function E6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.name;c.modifiersData[e]=T1({reference:c.rects.reference,element:c.rects.popper,strategy:"absolute",placement:c.placement})}var E4={name:"popperOffsets",enabled:!0,phase:"read",fn:E6,data:{}};function S2(a){return a==="x"?"y":"x"}function D6(a){var c=a.state,e=a.options,i=a.name,n=e.mainAxis,o=n===void 0?!0:n,r=e.altAxis,t=r===void 0?!1:r,l=e.boundary,f=e.rootBoundary,s=e.altBoundary,m=e.padding,h=e.tether,z=h===void 0?!0:h,v=e.tetherOffset,p=v===void 0?0:v,d=$(c,{boundary:l,rootBoundary:f,padding:m,altBoundary:s}),H=E(c.placement),M=a1(c.placement),x=!M,u=u1(H),A=S2(u),V=c.modifiersData.popperOffsets,y=c.rects.reference,N=c.rects.popper,F=typeof p=="function"?p(Object.assign({},c.rects,{placement:c.placement})):p,S={x:0,y:0};if(!!V){if(o||t){var D=u==="y"?U:I,i1=u==="y"?w:B,W=u==="y"?"height":"width",h1=V[u],B1=V[u]+d[D],b1=V[u]-d[i1],v1=z?-N[W]/2:0,u2=M===n1?y[W]:N[W],N1=M===n1?-N[W]:-y[W],W1=c.elements.arrow,C2=z&&W1?d1(W1):{width:0,height:0},A1=c.modifiersData["arrow#persistent"]?c.modifiersData["arrow#persistent"].padding:E1(),X1=A1[D],z1=A1[i1],c1=C1(0,y[W],C2[W]),j1=x?y[W]/2-v1-c1-X1-F:u2-c1-X1-F,M2=x?-y[W]/2+v1+c1+z1+F:N1+c1+z1+F,y1=c.elements.arrow&&K(c.elements.arrow),g2=y1?u==="y"?y1.clientTop||0:y1.clientLeft||0:0,r4=c.modifiersData.offset?c.modifiersData.offset[c.placement][u]:0,l4=V[u]+j1-r4-g2,s4=V[u]+M2-r4;if(o){var f4=C1(z?f1(B1,l4):B1,h1,z?q(b1,s4):b1);V[u]=f4,S[u]=f4-h1}if(t){var $3=u==="x"?U:I,c6=u==="x"?w:B,J1=V[A],m4=J1+d[$3],h4=J1-d[c6],v4=C1(z?f1(m4,l4):m4,J1,z?q(h4,s4):h4);V[A]=v4,S[A]=v4-J1}}c.modifiersData[i]=S}}var D4={name:"preventOverflow",enabled:!0,phase:"main",fn:D6,requiresIfExists:["offset"]};function F2(a){return{scrollLeft:a.scrollLeft,scrollTop:a.scrollTop}}function Q2(a){return a===Q(a)||!R(a)?M1(a):F2(a)}function U2(a,c,e){e===void 0&&(e=!1);var i=T(c),n=J(a),o=R(c),r={scrollLeft:0,scrollTop:0},t={x:0,y:0};return(o||!o&&!e)&&((k(c)!=="body"||H1(i))&&(r=Q2(c)),R(c)?(t=J(c),t.x+=c.clientLeft,t.y+=c.clientTop):i&&(t.x=g1(i))),{x:n.left+r.scrollLeft-t.x,y:n.top+r.scrollTop-t.y,width:n.width,height:n.height}}function R6(a){var c=new Map,e=new Set,i=[];a.forEach(function(o){c.set(o.name,o)});function n(o){e.add(o.name);var r=[].concat(o.requires||[],o.requiresIfExists||[]);r.forEach(function(t){if(!e.has(t)){var l=c.get(t);l&&n(l)}}),i.push(o)}return a.forEach(function(o){e.has(o.name)||n(o)}),i}function B2(a){var c=R6(a);return L4.reduce(function(e,i){return e.concat(c.filter(function(n){return n.phase===i}))},[])}function I2(a){var c;return function(){return c||(c=new Promise(function(e){Promise.resolve().then(function(){c=void 0,e(a())})})),c}}function w2(a){var c=a.reduce(function(e,i){var n=e[i.name];return e[i.name]=n?Object.assign({},n,i,{options:Object.assign({},n.options,i.options),data:Object.assign({},n.data,i.data)}):i,e},{});return Object.keys(c).map(function(e){return c[e]})}var R4={placement:"bottom",modifiers:[],strategy:"absolute"};function T4(){for(var a=arguments.length,c=new Array(a),e=0;e(this.setSelectedItem(this.selectedItem-1,!0),!1)),i.register([],"ArrowDown",()=>(this.setSelectedItem(this.selectedItem+1,!0),!1)),i.register([],"Enter",n=>(this.useSelectedItem(n),!1)),i.register([],"Tab",n=>(this.useSelectedItem(n),!1))}chooseSuggestion(c){if(!this.items||!this.items.length)return;let e=this.items[this.selectedItem];e&&this.owner.selectSuggestion(e,c)}onSuggestionClick(c,e){if(c.preventDefault(),!this.suggestions||!this.suggestions.length)return;let i=this.suggestions.indexOf(e);this.setSelectedItem(i,!1),this.useSelectedItem(c)}onSuggestionMouseover(c,e){if(!this.suggestions||!this.suggestions.length)return;let i=this.suggestions.indexOf(e);this.setSelectedItem(i,!1)}empty(){this.containerEl.empty()}setSuggestions(c){this.containerEl.empty();let e=[];c.forEach(i=>{let n=this.containerEl.createDiv("suggestion-item");this.owner.renderSuggestion(i,n),e.push(n)}),this.items=c,this.suggestions=e,this.setSelectedItem(0,!1)}useSelectedItem(c){if(!this.items||!this.items.length)return;let e=this.items[this.selectedItem];e&&this.owner.selectSuggestion(e,c),Z.Platform.isMobile&&this.chooseSuggestion(c)}wrap(c,e){return(c%e+e)%e}setSelectedItem(c,e){let i=this.wrap(c,this.suggestions.length),n=this.suggestions[this.selectedItem],o=this.suggestions[i];n&&n.removeClass("is-selected"),o&&o.addClass("is-selected"),this.selectedItem=i,e&&o.scrollIntoView(!1)}},E2=class extends Z.FuzzySuggestModal{constructor(c,e,i){super(c);this.items=[];this.scope=new Z.Scope;this.emptyStateText="No match found";this.limit=100;this.inputEl=e,this.items=i,this.suggestEl=createDiv("suggestion-container"),this.suggestEl.style.width=`${e.clientWidth}px`,this.contentEl=this.suggestEl.createDiv("suggestion"),this.suggester=new G4(this,this.contentEl,this.scope),this.scope.register([],"Escape",this.close.bind(this)),this.inputEl.addEventListener("input",this.onInputChanged.bind(this)),this.inputEl.addEventListener("focus",this.onInputChanged.bind(this)),this.inputEl.addEventListener("blur",this.close.bind(this)),this.suggestEl.on("mousedown",".suggestion-container",n=>{n.preventDefault()})}empty(){this.suggester.empty()}onInputChanged(){let c=this.modifyInput(this.inputEl.value),e=this.getSuggestions(c);e.length>0?this.suggester.setSuggestions(e.slice(0,this.limit)):this.onNoSuggestion(),this.open()}modifyInput(c){return c}onNoSuggestion(){this.empty(),this.renderSuggestion(null,this.contentEl.createDiv("suggestion-item"))}open(){this.app.keymap.pushScope(this.scope),document.body.appendChild(this.suggestEl),this.popper=k2(this.inputEl,this.suggestEl,{placement:"bottom-start",modifiers:[{name:"offset",options:{offset:[0,10]}},{name:"flip",options:{fallbackPlacements:["top"]}}]})}close(){this.app.keymap.popScope(this.scope),this.suggester.setSuggestions([]),this.popper&&this.popper.destroy(),this.suggestEl.detach()}createPrompt(c){this.promptEl||(this.promptEl=this.suggestEl.createDiv("prompt-instructions"));let e=this.promptEl.createDiv("prompt-instruction");for(let i of c)e.appendChild(i)}},D2=class extends E2{constructor(c,e){super(c.app,e.inputEl,c.iconManager.iconDefinitions);this.plugin=c;this.icons=c.iconManager.iconDefinitions,this.text=e,this.createPrompts(),this.inputEl.addEventListener("input",this.getItem.bind(this))}createPrompts(){}getItem(){let c=this.inputEl.value,e=this.icons.find(i=>i.name===c.trim());e!=this.icon&&(this.icon=e,this.icons&&this.onInputChanged())}getItemText(c){return c.name}onChooseItem(c){this.text.setValue(c.name),this.icon=c}selectSuggestion({item:c}){this.text.setValue(c.name),this.icon=c,this.onClose(),this.close()}renderSuggestion(c,e){let{item:i,match:n}=c||{},o=e.createDiv({cls:"suggestion-content icon"});if(!i){o.setText(this.emptyStateText),o.parentElement.addClass("is-selected");return}let r=n.matches.map(l=>createSpan("suggestion-highlight"));for(let l=0;ls[0]===l);if(f){let s=r[n.matches.indexOf(f)];o.appendChild(s),s.appendText(i.name.substring(f[0],f[1])),l+=f[1]-f[0]-1;continue}o.appendText(i.name[l])}let t=createDiv("suggestion-flair admonition-suggester-icon");t.appendChild(this.plugin.iconManager.getIconNode(i)),o.prepend(t),o.createDiv({cls:"suggestion-note",text:this.plugin.iconManager.getIconModuleName(i)})}getItems(){return this.icons}},P4=class extends E2{constructor(c,e,i){super(c.app,e.inputEl,i);this.plugin=c;this.admonitions=[...i],this.text=e,this.createPrompts(),this.inputEl.addEventListener("input",this.getItem.bind(this))}createPrompts(){}getItem(){let c=this.inputEl.value,e=this.admonitions.find(i=>i.type===c.trim());e!=this.admonition&&(this.admonition=e,this.admonitions&&this.onInputChanged())}getItemText(c){return c.type}onChooseItem(c){this.text.setValue(c.type),this.admonition=c}selectSuggestion({item:c}){this.text.setValue(c.type),this.onClose(),this.close()}renderSuggestion(c,e){let{item:i,match:n}=c||{},o=e.createDiv({cls:"suggestion-content icon"});if(!i){o.setText(this.emptyStateText),o.parentElement.addClass("is-selected");return}let r=n.matches.map(l=>createSpan("suggestion-highlight"));for(let l=0;ls[0]===l);if(f){let s=r[n.matches.indexOf(f)];o.appendChild(s),s.appendText(i.type.substring(f[0],f[1])),l+=f[1]-f[0]-1;continue}o.appendText(i.type[l])}let t=createDiv("suggestion-flair admonition-suggester-icon");t.appendChild(this.plugin.iconManager.getIconNode(i.icon)).setAttribute("color",`rgb(${i.color})`),o.prepend(t)}getItems(){return this.admonitions}},R2=class extends Z.Modal{constructor(c,e){super(c.app);this.plugin=c;this.editor=e;this.collapse=this.plugin.data.autoCollapse?this.plugin.data.defaultCollapseType:"none";this.containerEl.addClass("insert-admonition-modal"),this.onOpen=()=>this.display(!0)}async display(c){let{contentEl:e}=this;e.empty(),new Z.Setting(e).setName("Admonition Type").addText(t=>{t.setPlaceholder("Admonition Type").setValue(this.type);let l=new P4(this.plugin,t,this.plugin.admonitionArray),f=()=>{t.inputEl.value&&this.plugin.admonitions[t.inputEl.value]?(this.type=t.inputEl.value,this.title?.length||(this.title=this.type[0].toUpperCase()+this.type.slice(1).toLowerCase()),n.setValue(this.title)):(new Z.Notice("No admonition type by that name exists."),t.inputEl.value=""),this.buildAdmonition()};t.inputEl.onblur=f,l.onClose=f,c&&(l.open(),t.inputEl.focus())});let n;new Z.Setting(e).setName("Admonition Title").setDesc("Leave blank to render without a title.").addText(t=>{n=t,t.setValue(this.title),t.onChange(l=>{if(this.title=l,l.length==0?this.noTitle=!0:this.noTitle=!1,this.element){let f=this.plugin.admonitions[this.type],s=this.plugin.getAdmonitionElement(this.type,this.title,f.icon,f.injectColor??this.plugin.data.injectColor?f.color:null,this.collapse);s.createDiv({cls:"admonition-content",text:"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla et euismod nulla."}),this.element.replaceWith(s),this.element=s}})}),new Z.Setting(e).setName("Make Collapsible").addDropdown(t=>{t.addOption("open","Open"),t.addOption("closed","Closed"),t.addOption("none","None"),t.setValue(this.collapse),t.onChange(l=>{this.collapse=l,this.buildAdmonition()})}),this.admonitionEl=this.contentEl.createDiv(),this.buildAdmonition(),new Z.Setting(e).addButton(t=>t.setButtonText("Insert").setCta().onClick(()=>{try{let l="",f="";this.title.length&&this.title.toLowerCase()!=this.type.toLowerCase()&&(l=`title: ${this.title} `),(this.plugin.data.autoCollapse&&this.collapse!=this.plugin.data.defaultCollapseType||!this.plugin.data.autoCollapse&&this.collapse!="none")&&(f=`collapse: ${this.collapse} `),this.editor.getDoc().replaceSelection(`\`\`\`ad-${this.type} ${l}${f} diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/manifest.json index cb65a0eb..d94f2444 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/manifest.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-admonition/manifest.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "id": "obsidian-admonition", "name": "Admonition", - "version": "7.0.1", + "version": "7.0.2", "minAppVersion": "0.13.14", "description": "Admonition block-styled content for Obsidian.md", "author": "Jeremy Valentine", diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json index ec0168e8..eec7e1fa 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-commits/data.json @@ -2644,11 +2644,6 @@ "tags": 0, "links": 1 }, - "00.02 Inbox/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md": { - "size": 2911, - "tags": 3, - "links": 1 - }, "03.01 Reading list/Frédéric de Hohenstaufen.md": { "size": 1792, "tags": 3, @@ -2913,14 +2908,84 @@ "size": 1075, "tags": 0, "links": 2 + }, + "00.03 News/As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move.md": { + "size": 16046, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.03 News/In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science.md": { + "size": 14659, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.03 News/On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send.md": { + "size": 12624, + "tags": 2, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.03 News/The Power of Emotional Honesty.md": { + "size": 23040, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-27.md": { + "size": 938, + "tags": 0, + "links": 4 + }, + "00.03 News/Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine.md": { + "size": 10134, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.03 News/Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin.md": { + "size": 17832, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.03 News/Putin’s New Iron Curtain.md": { + "size": 14496, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.03 News/The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power.md": { + "size": 56767, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "03.03 Food & Wine/Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic.md": { + "size": 4397, + "tags": 1, + "links": 2 + }, + "00.02 Inbox/On the Road.md": { + "size": 2582, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "03.01 Reading list/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md": { + "size": 2911, + "tags": 3, + "links": 1 + }, + "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-28.md": { + "size": 924, + "tags": 0, + "links": 4 + }, + "00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md": { + "size": 21234, + "tags": 2, + "links": 1 } }, "commitTypes": { "/": { - "Refactor": 221, - "Create": 180, - "Link": 323, - "Expand": 178 + "Refactor": 237, + "Create": 197, + "Link": 350, + "Expand": 182 } }, "dailyCommits": { @@ -2930,41 +2995,45 @@ "2": 1, "3": 0, "4": 2, - "5": 0, + "5": 3, "6": 12, "7": 85, "8": 99, - "9": 88, + "9": 107, "10": 48, "11": 38, - "12": 50, + "12": 70, "13": 135, "14": 59, - "15": 26, + "15": 32, "16": 7, "17": 46, "18": 18, "19": 33, - "20": 52, + "20": 65, "21": 19, - "22": 55, + "22": 58, "23": 12 } }, "weeklyCommits": { "/": { - "Mon": 122, + "Mon": 129, "Tue": 58, "Wed": 74, "Thu": 101, "Fri": 108, "Sat": 0, - "Sun": 439 + "Sun": 496 } }, "recentCommits": { "/": { "Expanded": [ + " 2022-02-28 ", + " On the Road ", + " On the Road ", + " 2022-02-27 ", " Afghan Anar ", " FastStart-Plugins-LongDelay ", " FastStart-Plugins-ShortDelay ", @@ -3011,13 +3080,26 @@ " Fashion ", " Voitures ", " Fashion ", - " Equity Tasks ", - " 2022-02-18 ", - " @Shopping list ", - " 2022-02-18 ", - " Moneyland " + " Equity Tasks " ], "Created": [ + " Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays ", + " 2022-02-28 ", + " Untitled ", + " On the Road Introduction & Summary ", + " On the Road ", + " Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic ", + " The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power ", + " Always Be Suspicious of the “Cool Mom” ", + " Putin’s New Iron Curtain ", + " Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin ", + " Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine ", + " 2022-02-27 ", + " The Power of Emotional Honesty ", + " On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send ", + " A Vibe Shift Is Coming ", + " In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science ", + " As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move ", " Shilla ", " 2022-02-26 ", " Afghan Anar ", @@ -3051,26 +3133,21 @@ " Server-side Tagging In Google Tag Manager Simo Ahava's blog ", " How to migrate your Nextcloud database-backend from MySQLMariaDB to PostgreSQL ", " Ancient Indian texts reveal the liberating power of metaphysics ", - " Why Are Letters Shaped the Way They Are ", - " 2022-02-21 ", - " Orion Magazine - To Live and Love with a Dying World ", - " Google Search Is Dying 1 ", - " Google Search Is Dying DKB ", - " Cowboys paid $2.4M over cheerleader allegations ", - " ‘Nurses Have Finally Learned What They’re Worth’ ", - " Will the Bush Dynasty Die With George P. Bush ", - " TikTok Star Ava Majury Discovers the Dark Side of Fame ", - " Inside a $4-billion family feud ", - " If they could turn back time how tech billionaires are trying to reverse the ageing process ", - " Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus ", - " Is tech gentrifying Latin America’s cities ", - " Are Greeting Card Messages Getting Longer A Very Serious Investigation ", - " La Baracca ", - " 2022-02-20 ", - " 2022-02-19 ", - " Untitled " + " Why Are Letters Shaped the Way They Are " ], "Renamed": [ + " Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays ", + " Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon ", + " On the Road ", + " Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic ", + " The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power ", + " Putin’s New Iron Curtain ", + " Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin ", + " Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine ", + " The Power of Emotional Honesty ", + " On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send ", + " In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science ", + " As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move ", " Shilla ", " Afghan Anar ", " A view from across the river ", @@ -3109,21 +3186,21 @@ " Inside a $4-billion family feud ", " If they could turn back time how tech billionaires are trying to reverse the ageing process ", " Cowboys paid $2.4M over cheerleader allegations ", - " Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus ", - " Are Greeting Card Messages Getting Longer A Very Serious Investigation ", - " Nurses Have Finally Learned What They’re Worth ", - " Nurses Have Finally Learned What They’re Worth ", - " Nurses Have Finally Learned What They’re Worth’ ", - " La Baracca ", - " Snippets ", - " Map View Coordinates ", - " Fashion ", - " What Is the Metaverse A Beginner's Guide to Tech's Latest Obsession ", - " Understanding Argument Styles Is The Secret To A Happy Relationship ", - " What’s the Matter with American Cities ", - " Frédéric de Hohenstaufen " + " Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus " ], "Tagged": [ + " Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays ", + " On the Road ", + " Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic ", + " The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power ", + " Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine ", + " Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin ", + " Putin’s New Iron Curtain ", + " The Power of Emotional Honesty ", + " The Power of Emotional Honesty ", + " On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send ", + " As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move ", + " In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science ", " A view from across the river ", " Notes apps are where ideas go to die. And that’s good. ", " The Science of How Alive You Really Are Alan Turing, Trees, and the Wonder of Life ", @@ -3162,19 +3239,7 @@ " Why Indian universities are ditching English-only education ", " How Telegram Became the Anti-Facebook ", " XXX-Files Who Torched the Pornhub Palace ", - " XXX-Files Who Torched the Pornhub Palace ", - " Jackass Oral Hostory ", - " Poul ak Nwa ", - " Braised Short Ribs w Curry Leaves ", - " 2022-01-23 ", - " Franzos ", - " @Café Zürich ", - " Piri-piri sauce ", - " 2022-01-24 ", - " Le Raymond Bar ", - " Dante ", - " Molletes ", - " 2022-01-29 " + " XXX-Files Who Torched the Pornhub Palace " ], "Refactored": [ " @Main Dashboard ", @@ -3221,9 +3286,28 @@ " Test ", " L’enquête Suisse Secrets relance le débat sur la liberté de la presse ", " Beef Stroganoff ", - " List of plugins " + " List of plugins ", + " A Vibe Shift Is Coming ", + " Always Be Suspicious of the “Cool Mom” ", + " On the Road ", + " On the Road Introduction & Summary " ], "Linked": [ + " Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays ", + " 2022-02-28 ", + " On the Road ", + " On the Road ", + " Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic ", + " The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power ", + " Always Be Suspicious of the “Cool Mom” ", + " Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine ", + " Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin ", + " Putin’s New Iron Curtain ", + " 2022-02-27 ", + " The Power of Emotional Honesty ", + " On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send ", + " As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move ", + " In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science ", " 2022-02-26 ", " Shilla ", " Afghan Anar ", @@ -3259,22 +3343,7 @@ " Inside a $4-billion family feud ", " TikTok Star Ava Majury Discovers the Dark Side of Fame ", " Will the Bush Dynasty Die With George P. Bush ", - " Cowboys paid $2.4M over cheerleader allegations ", - " Nurses Have Finally Learned What They’re Worth ", - " Are Greeting Card Messages Getting Longer A Very Serious Investigation ", - " Is tech gentrifying Latin America’s cities ", - " La Baracca ", - " 2022-02-20 ", - " 2022-02-19 ", - " 2022-02-19 ", - " Fashion ", - " Fashion ", - " 2022-02-18 ", - " 2022-01-30 ", - " 2022-02-18 ", - " What’s the Matter with American Cities ", - " Emulator files - Emulation General Wiki ", - " Tous les hommes n'habitent pas le monde de la même façon - Jean-Paul Dubois " + " Cowboys paid $2.4M over cheerleader allegations " ], "Removed Tags from": [ " Le Miel de Paris " diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json index 3dba5f38..3d5cbbb1 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-reminder-plugin/data.json @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ "01.03 Family/Hortense de Villeneuve.md": [ { "title": ":birthday: **[[Hortense de Villeneuve|Hortense BV]]**", - "time": "2022-02-27", + "time": "2023-02-27", "rowNumber": 100 } ], @@ -235,13 +235,6 @@ "rowNumber": 101 } ], - "01.03 Family/Elise Bédier.md": [ - { - "title": ":birthday: **[[Elise Bédier|Élise]]**", - "time": "2022-02-28", - "rowNumber": 100 - } - ], "01.03 Family/Gabrielle Bédier.md": [ { "title": ":birthday: **[[Gabrielle Bédier|Gabrielle]]**", @@ -348,13 +341,13 @@ "01.02 Home/MRCK.md": [ { "title": ":birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]**", - "time": "2022-02-28", + "time": "2023-02-28", "rowNumber": 247 }, { "title": ":birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]'s Papa** (1962)", "time": "2023-02-02", - "rowNumber": 248 + "rowNumber": 249 } ], "01.03 Family/Thaïs Bédier.md": [ @@ -475,6 +468,13 @@ "time": "2023-02-25", "rowNumber": 100 } + ], + "01.03 Family/Elise Bédier.md": [ + { + "title": ":birthday: **[[Elise Bédier|Élise]]**", + "time": "2023-02-28", + "rowNumber": 100 + } ] }, "debug": false, diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace b/.obsidian/workspace index b35a77c3..077a1734 100644 --- a/.obsidian/workspace +++ b/.obsidian/workspace @@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ "type": "split", "children": [ { - "id": "da0e1db32788c611", + "id": "bc24f42e67c1f51c", "type": "leaf", "state": { "type": "markdown", "state": { - "file": "00.01 Admin/Obsidian plugins.md", + "file": "00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md", "mode": "preview", "source": false } @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ "state": { "type": "backlink", "state": { - "file": "00.01 Admin/Obsidian plugins.md", + "file": "00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md", "collapseAll": false, "extraContext": false, "sortOrder": "alphabetical", @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ "state": { "type": "outgoing-link", "state": { - "file": "00.01 Admin/Obsidian plugins.md", + "file": "00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md", "linksCollapsed": false, "unlinkedCollapsed": true } @@ -151,17 +151,17 @@ ], "currentTab": 4 }, - "active": "da0e1db32788c611", + "active": "bc24f42e67c1f51c", "lastOpenFiles": [ - "00.01 Admin/Obsidian plugins.md", + "00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md", "01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md", - "02.03 Zürich/@Restaurants Zürich.md", - "02.03 Zürich/Shilla.md", - "02.03 Zürich/@@Zürich.md", - "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-26.md", - "01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md", - "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-23.md", - "02.03 Zürich/Afghan Anar.md", - "00.01 Admin/Test sheet.md" + "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-28.md", + "01.02 Home/MRCK.md", + "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-27.md", + "00.02 Inbox/On the Road.md", + "03.01 Reading list/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md", + "00.02 Inbox/On the Road Introduction & Summary.md", + "00.03 News/Nurses Have Finally Learned What They’re Worth.md", + "00.03 News/@News.md" ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-26.md b/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-26.md index 099da2d4..631dd316 100644 --- a/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-26.md +++ b/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-26.md @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ Stress: 55 FrontHeadBar: 5 EarHeadBar: 65 BackHeadBar: 55 -Water: 0.7 -Coffee: 2 -Steps: +Water: 1.25 +Coffee: 3 +Steps: 10709 --- diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-27.md b/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-27.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0766afb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-27.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +--- + +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: Note +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes +Sleep: 7 +Happiness: 95 +Gratefulness: 95 +Stress: 45 +FrontHeadBar: 5 +EarHeadBar: 55 +BackHeadBar: 45 +Water: 2.33 +Coffee: 1 +Steps: 6226 + +--- + +%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %% + +--- + +[[2022-02-26|<< Previous]]         [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]         [[2022-02-28|Next >>]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Record today's health +type command +action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit +id EditMetaData +``` +^button-2022-02-27Edit + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-2022-02-27NSave + +  + +# 2022-02-27 + +  + +```ad-abstract +title: Summary +collapse: open +Note Description +``` + +  + +```toc +style: number +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Memos + +  + +#### Memos + +This section does serve for quick memos. + +  + + +%% ### %% +  + +--- + +  + +### Notes + +  + +Loret ipsum + +  +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-28.md b/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-28.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..328d96ca --- /dev/null +++ b/00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-02-28.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +--- + +Date: 2022-02-28 +DocType: Note +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes +Sleep: 7 +Happiness: 95 +Gratefulness: 95 +Stress: 50 +FrontHeadBar: 5 +EarHeadBar: 55 +BackHeadBar: 45 +Water: 2.81 +Coffee: 0 +Steps: 6668 + +--- + +%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %% + +--- + +[[2022-02-27|<< Previous]]         [[@Main Dashboard|Back]]         [[2022-03-01|Next >>]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Record today's health +type command +action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit +id EditMetaData +``` +^button-2022-02-28Edit + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-2022-02-28NSave + +  + +# 2022-02-28 + +  + +```ad-abstract +title: Summary +collapse: open +Note Description +``` + +  + +```toc +style: number +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Memos + +  + +#### Memos + +This section does serve for quick memos. + +  + + +%% ### %% +  + +--- + +  + +### Notes + +  + +Loret ipsum + +  +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.02 Inbox/On the Road.md b/00.02 Inbox/On the Road.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4ae6a7d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.02 Inbox/On the Road.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +--- + +Tag: ["Novel", "US", "Beat"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "Source" +Hierarchy: "NonRoot" +TimeStamp: +location: +Source: + Type: "Book" + Author: "Jack Kerouac" + Language: EN + Published: 1957 + Link: https://www.britannica.com/topic/On-the-Road-novel-by-Kerouac + Read: + Cover: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41MgBgECJgL.jpg +CollapseMetaTable: yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@Reading master|Reading list]] +ReadingState:: In progress + +--- + +  + +```button +name Edit Source parameters +type command +action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit +id EditMetaData +``` +^button-SourceEdit + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-TNSave + +  + +# On the Road + +  + +```ad-abstract +title: Summary +collapse: open +The free-form book describes a series of frenetic trips across the United States by a number of penniless young people who are in love with life, beauty, jazz, sex, drugs, speed, and mysticism and who have absolute contempt for alarm clocks, timetables, road maps, mortgages, pensions, and all traditional American rewards for industry. The book was one of the first novels associated with the Beat movement of the 1950s. +``` + +  + +```toc +style: number +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Cover + +  + +```dataviewjs +dv.el("span", "![](" + dv.current().Source.Cover + ")") +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Notes + +  + +Jack Kerouac’s _On the Road_ has become a classic text in American literary counterculture. Set in the aftermath of the Second World War, Sal Paradise’s account of his travels across America has become emblematic of the struggle to retain the freedom of the American dream in a more sober historical moment. Paradise’s journey with the free and reckless Dean Moriarty (based on fellow Beat adventurer Neal Cassady) from the East to the West Coast of America is a celebration of the abundance, vitality, and spirit of American youth. The pair’s rejection of domestic and economic conformity in favor of a search for free and inclusive communities and for heightened individual experiences were key constituents of the emerging Beat culture, of which Kerouac—along with literary figures such as Ginsberg and Burroughs—was to soon to become a charismatic representative. + +Reputedly written by Kerouac in a three-week burst of Benzedrine and caffeine-fueled creativity on a single scroll of paper, the production of this loosely autobiographical novel became a legend of the sort that occurred within it. Yet the novel also holds within it an acknowledgement of the limitations of its vision, and Dean’s gradual decline slowly reveals him to be something of an absurd and unlikely hero for Sal to follow into maturity. + +  +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move.md b/00.03 News/As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7da71775 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Society", "Mobility", "US"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://www.vox.com/22939038/rents-rising-home-prices-americans-moving-residential-stagnation-stuck-mobility-freedom +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-AmericansarestuckinhomesevenwhentheywanttomoveNSave + +  + +# As rents rise, Americans are stuck in homes even when they want to move + +At the heart of America is a packed bag. + +“Go west, young man, and grow up with the country,” newspaper editor Horace Greeley once exclaimed. A proponent of westward expansion, Greeley rightfully struck at the heart of a particularly American brand of freedom: the ability to get the hell out of dodge. + +And while freedom of movement has never been equally distributed, potentially the most defining migration the nation has ever seen was the [Great Migration](https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration), when millions of Black Americans fled the South, Jim Crow the wind at their backs. + +Isabel Wilkerson, the historian and author of _The Warmth of Other Suns,_ captured the essence of this mass movement: “They did what human beings looking for freedom, throughout history, have often done. They left.” + +But what happens when leaving is no longer an option? In the US, that’s what we’re witnessing right now: “Americans, it seems, are finding themselves increasingly locked into places that they wish to escape,” two psychologists grimly proclaim in a new paper studying the cultural effects of residential stagnation. Study authors Nicholas Buttrick and Shigehiro Oishi [cite](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2332649217728374) [research](https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2015/demo/p70-140.html) showing that when you compare today’s Americans to people in the 1970s, people who said they intended to move from a place are 45 percent less likely to have actually done so. + +The paper finds that as residential mobility has gone down, so have “levels of happiness, fairness, and trust among Americans.” + +How could declining mobility lead to these changes? Buttrick and Oishi explain that moving to a new place severs social bonds, and in a new town, far from home, newcomers are forced to define themselves with “context-free personality traits (i.e., ‘I am hardworking’ or ‘I am intelligent’)” rather than by their relationships to locals like they might in their hometown (i.e., “my sister owns the butcher shop downtown”). + +Importantly, all that researchers have found are correlations: No one has yet established that declining mobility _causes_ any psychological changes. And another caveat — while some [data exists](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1540-6040.00016) related to how much Americans were moving in the 1700s and 1800s, it is only since 1948 that the researchers have a “reliable annual rate of residential mobility ... mak\[ing\] it difficult to draw strong conclusions regarding the cultural effects of residential mobility in the longer term.” + +Another note of caution is that residential mobility is not independent of economic growth, settlement patterns, religiosity, and more. In other words, it could be something else that is driving some or all of this correlation. + +The authors are aware of this and note that while things like unemployment and GDP growth have cyclical patterns, mobility rates have been declining steadily since 1948 through booms and busts alike. + +And the psychologists’ work builds on a body of economic and political science literature that has raised the alarm for decades about declining interstate mobility and its negative effects on financial and personal freedom. + +Buttrick and Oishi delineate the cultural markers of a mobile society (“individualism, optimism, and tolerance”) and a stable society (“security, and a strong sense of the difference between ingroups and outgroups”). This growing shift toward the latter could explain much of what has happened to America’s political system in recent decades. + +### What happens when people want to move but can’t + +“Unfathomable” — that’s the word Buttrick and Oishi use to describe the rate at which Americans in the 1700s and 1800s exchanged communities: + +> Throughout the 19th century, as many as 40% of Americans may have moved year over year. For example, in one Illinois county, only about 20% of households living there in 1840 stayed to 1850; in a different Ohio city, only 7% of people voted in both the 1850 and 1860 elections in the same district; in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, only half of household heads enumerated in 1880 could be found in 1890; and in New York City, “Moving Day,” the First of May, was an unofficial city holiday (Fischer, 2002). + +Today, that’s not the case. While the majority of Americans are happy where they are — according to Gallup survey data in 2016, 74 percent of Americans rated their current residence as ideal — this growing bloc of “trapped” or [“stuck”](https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/10308/DavidSchleicherStuckTheLa.pdf?sequence=2) communities has concerning cultural effects. + +Buttrick and Oishi’s big takeaway: When people move less, it affects culture. Less dynamism, increased aversion to risk, suspicion of outsiders, cynicism, unhappiness, and “people who feel less free to live their social lives as they see fit.” + +Looking at a survey of 16,000 Americans, the authors find that people who want to move but remain at the same address the following year are more likely to disagree that “hard work can help a person get ahead,” even when controlling for a bunch of factors like socioeconomic status, health, age, race, and more. + +“Wanting to move but being unable to leave leads people to wonder about whether their other efforts in life will be rewarded,” the researchers write. + +Americans have historically been defined by our willingness to move for greener pastures, and, despite some pessimistic narratives, [Americans are pretty welcoming to outsiders](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/12/11/america-is-friendlier-to-foreigners-than-headlines-suggest). Buttrick and Oishi cite research showing that Americans are very [individualistic](https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/the-usa/), [very trusting of strangers](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-010-9713-5), [egalitarian](https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/the-usa/), optimistic, and risk-taking, and “to a degree unmatched by other nations” believe that [technology can solve big problems](https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/psup/utopian-studies/article/28/2/231/197652/Practical-Utopias-America-as-Techno-Fix-Nation). And Americans are “unusually likely to believe that all people [everywhere are essentially the same](https://www.nature.com/articles/466029a).” + +But, the authors argue, much of that has been changing in parallel with declining interstate mobility. We could be left with much more stable communities that are much less trusting of outsiders. To put a finer point on it, if you’re stuck in a place where you don’t want to be, it has broader implications for your ability to pick your social networks. You are stuck with the family and friends that you happen to be near. + +That, in turn, leads to a lot more loyalty toward one’s in-group. If it’s extremely difficult to make new friends, it’s extremely costly to lose any of the ones you have or alienate them. This increased importance of in-group relations can be accompanied by decreased openness and increased xenophobia, because newcomers simply cannot draw on a reservoir of reputation that they have been cultivating for decades. + +### The policies helping kill the American dream + +So why is all this happening? What is keeping Americans stuck? Even as localized recessions (that would have previously sent people running for economic opportunity elsewhere) hit, [people stay put](https://economics.mit.edu/files/11560). Even as wage premiums for college degrees and higher-paying jobs concentrate in a handful of cities, low-income workers [remain in stagnating pockets of the country](https://www.nber.org/papers/w17167). + +The authors don’t identify any causal factors. + +But I, [and](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/12/opinion/biden-infrastructure-zoning.html) [many](https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mac.20170388) [economists](https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/the-yimbys-are-starting-to-win-a?utm_source=url), argue that this is because of the walls of red tape that states have put up. Specifically, two types of regulations: zoning restrictions on how land can be used, and occupational licensing requirements. + +The former severely limits the supply of housing, particularly in in-demand labor markets, driving up the price of housing. New research shows that for many people, moving to many economically flourishing cities could mean taking a financial hit, as the [increased cost of housing dwarfs a substantially larger salary](https://www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2021/CES-WP-21-32.pdf). + +And the latter can discourage people from moving to states where regulations make it costly to keep doing their jobs. According to the [Captured Economy](https://capturedeconomy.com/occupational-licensing/#:~:text=Today%2C%20around%2025%20percent%20of,from%2010%20percent%20in%201970.&text=Although%20these%20regulations%20are%20justified,improves%20consumer%20welfare%20is%20weak.) project at the centrist Niskanen Center, “today, around 25 percent of American workers need a state license to do their job — up from 10 percent in 1970.” These regulations make it really hard for workers like cosmetologists or contractors to move to different states due to the financial and time costs of getting a new license. According to the libertarian [Institute for Justice](https://ij.org/report/license-to-work-2/) (IJ), “on average these laws require nearly a year of education and experience, one exam, and over $260 in fees.” + +And while these laws are enacted under the guise of consumer protection, as IJ finds, there are many ridiculous discrepancies that show that reasoning to be a [farce](https://ij.org/report/license-to-work-2/): “\[I\]n most states, it takes 12 times longer to get a license to cut hair as a cosmetologist than to get a license to administer life-saving care as an emergency medical technician.” + +And it’s not just the housing costs and occupational licenses that are reducing interstate mobility. As [Yale Law professor David Schleicher details](https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/10308/DavidSchleicherStuckTheLa.pdf?sequence=2), “differing eligibility standards for public benefits, public employee pensions, homeownership tax subsidies, state and local tax laws, and even basic property law doctrines” make it hard to move _from_ declining regions as well. + +With all of these regulations piling up and increases in the opportunity costs of moving, interstate mobility could continue to decline and the US might reach a damning future where to move, you have to be rich. + +### Stability has benefits, too — America just needs to better balance them with the benefits of mobility + +Having a preference for stability isn’t bad. In fact, most people, even the individualistic, age into stability. Perhaps when they have children and want to stay put for them to attend school, or when they grow older and change that would have once felt exciting now feels alienating. + +Residential stability also provides important bonds. Buttrick and Oishi theorize that “people who have just moved to a place may be less interested in coming together for long-term action and may be less interested in investing in their communities.” So while movers may be optimistic, idealistic, and willing to make friends with new people, the non-movers may promote the type of social cohesion that makes that all possible. + +“Areas with more residential mobility tend to have lower levels of social capital,” Buttrick told me. “If you just get to a place, it’s really hard to embed yourself in a community.” + +But it doesn’t have to be that way. + +“There are some American institutions that are relatively good at getting people integrated into a community,” he added. For example, “megachurches are one of these cultural responses to residential mobility — they’re big, they don’t take a lot of time, and they get you into a deep community quickly without having to incur a lot of costs.” + +At the end of the day, it’s about balance. It’s not that everyone should be moving all the time, but that they should always have the option. + +If the psychologists are right and individualists overwhelmingly want to leave small towns and rural America, it [could severely unbalance the country](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3321790). And not just unbalance the country because the nonconformists have all fled for the superstar cities, but because it’s often only the better-off mavericks who are able to leave. This type of economic residential segregation can have [serious consequences for the children who grow up in disinvested communities](https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/4/1553/1853754). + +While stability can sound great in theory, what it means in practice is different depending on the circumstances. A stable white-picket-fence suburb could be great for some people, but if “stable” means trapped in a high-poverty neighborhood, that’s a policy failure. [Research](https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/attach/journals/jul18srefeature.pdf) has found that while declining interstate mobility may be due to changing preferences for white Americans, Black Americans are increasingly unable to move when they expect to. + +And there’s an asymmetry — while being forced to stay somewhere is almost entirely negative, being forced to move can actually benefit those who relocate. One recent [study](https://eml.berkeley.edu/~enakamura/papers/giftofmoving.pdf) by UC Berkeley’s Emi Nakamura and Jón Steinsson and Norwegian School of Economics’ Jósef Sigurdsson, looked at what happened to households that were forced to move after their town was covered with lava. + +In 1973 a volcano erupted, causing an Icelandic town’s inhabitants to be evacuated — and while many people returned if their homes were still standing, for those whose homes were destroyed, that was significantly less likely. The authors found that children whose families were forced to leave following the destruction of their homes were more likely to have a “large _increase_ in long-run labor earnings and education ... specifically, we estimate a causal effect of moving of $27,000 per year, or close to a doubling of the average earnings of those whose homes were not destroyed.” + +Of course the trauma and shock of having to leave your home behind and the associated economic costs with that are borne heavily by the adults in this situation. Nevertheless, this natural experiment reveals that, on net, the costs of moving, even under traumatic conditions, might be compensated for. + +No one is suggesting forcibly moving Americans via strategic lava flows. But there are costs to taking the steps that would allow more mobility: for example, loosening zoning restrictions leads to increased construction and neighborhood change in the places that people want to move to. These costs are unequivocally worth it. + +America is aging and biasing our political and cultural institutions against risk-taking, new ideas, and new groups of people. Further tilting the scales against openness and dynamism could mean dwindling social and economic mobility and generations of Americans growing up in a country where freedom of movement belongs only to the rich. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus.md b/00.03 News/Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus.md index ca4c864f..016741b0 100644 --- a/00.03 News/Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus.md +++ b/00.03 News/Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus.md @@ -182,16 +182,4 @@ Stephen Kimber ([@skimber](https://twitter.com/skimber)) is an award-winning wri [![Annissa Malthaner](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2070%2070'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://thewalrus.ca/author/annissa-malthaner/) -Annissa Malthaner is an artist and illustrator based in London, Ontario. She’s shown work at Mad Ones Gallery, in Toronto, and has illustrated work for _The Logic_ and _Reader’s Digest_. - -#### Join our community - -#### Still reading? Show your support. - -The Walrus features award-winning, independent, fact-checked journalism and online events at thewalrus.ca. Our content is available to all, but as a registered charity, we can’t do this work without contributions from readers like you. - -For only $5 per month, you can support the work of The Walrus online. All supporters will receive a complimentary tote bag, gain access to exclusive updates, and join the community that powers the work we do. - -##### Be part of The Walrus. - -_Monthly donations receive a charitable tax receipt._ \ No newline at end of file +Annissa Malthaner is an artist and illustrator based in London, Ontario. She’s shown work at Mad Ones Gallery, in Toronto, and has illustrated work for _The Logic_ and _Reader’s Digest_. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science.md b/00.03 News/In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..985ea3b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science.md @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Human", "Medicine", "Spirituality"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/kashmir-bone-setters +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-MuslimhealerscurebrokenboneswithspiritualityscienceNSave + +  + +# In Kashmir, indigenous Muslim healers cure broken bones with spirituality — and science + +Ali Muhammad Chopan has been cracking other people’s [bones](https://www.inverse.com/science/61034-bone-regeneration-aerogel) back into place since he was 15 years old. + +“During the last over 50 years, I have entirely dedicated my life for the people to serve them in every situation,” Chopan says. + +Now in his 70s, Chopan is the fourth generation of his family to practice bonesetting, an [indigenous healing practice](https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/microbiota-vault-dissapearing-microbiome) performed throughout his native Kashmir that is as guided by [spiritual belief](https://www.inverse.com/gaming/uncharted-3-iram-ubar-city-of-brass-quran) as it is anatomical knowledge. + +Chopan lives in the Kochipora neighborhood of Tangmarg village, located near to a famous ski-resort, Gulmarg, in north Kashmir’s Baramulla district. At Gulmarg, rich Indian and international [holidaymakers](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/travel/a-family-ski-adventure-in-the-himalayas.html) zip up and down the slopes of fresh powder in winter or embark on treks in the summer, surrounded by breathtaking mountain terrain in the foothills of the Himalayas. + +Despite living so close to the resort, Chopan’s lived experience is a world away from the patrons at Gulmarg. As he dons a traditional winter cloak known as a _pheran_ to stave off the bitter winter chill outside his home, Chopan explains how 150 years of indigenous knowledge has enabled him to heal people’s [orthopedic problems](https://www.inverse.com/innovation/tiny-structures-can-rebuild-a-broken-face) — broken hands, feet, legs — for more than half a century without any formal medical training or special equipment. + +Ali Mohammad Chopan aka Ali Kaak (60 years old) poses for a photograph outside the entrance of his house in Kunzer village of north Kashmir.Adil Hussain + +Chopan’s father taught him how to set people’s bones. In today’s world, where science has revolutionized medicine so profoundly, there are still many people living in Chopan’s home, Kashmir, an Indian-administered territory, who still believe in a more spiritual form of treatment for orthopedic injuries. + +But times are changing, and a new generation of bonesetters are taking this indigenous knowledge and fusing it with modern medicine to keep the tradition alive as an increasing number of people turn to the bonesetters — including some who might not have in the past. + +> Some people call it a **God-given** healing ability + +For centuries, traditional bonesetters like Chopan have been famous for their abilities. Known as _watangor_ in the local dialect, these healers don’t attend medical school or earn professional degrees. Rather, their position is founded on tradition and belief. In Muslim majority Kashmir, bonesetters are believed to have spiritual powers of healing that transcend modern medicine. + +The bonesetters are able to assess the injury using a trick they learned from their ancestors: They place their thumb on the broken bones and press, assessing the intensity of the fracture or the injury by touch alone. Some people call it a God-given healing ability. The current practicing generation of bonesetters also takes advantage of science to treat patients by asking them to see their medical reports. + +Chopan applying surgical tape on the feet of Sadia, a seven-year-old girl who has recovered fracture on her fourth visit to the faith healer. Accompanied by her parents, Sadia traveled almost 25 kilometers on a cold wintery morning at a village Kunzer in north Kashmir’s Baramulla district.Adil Hussain + +Now, in the time of [Covid-19](https://www.inverse.com/covid-19), hospitals remain no-go zones for many — in Kashmir, many are closed to contain Covid from spreading. In turn, Chopan and other bonesetters are seeing an increase in the number of patients they treat every day, leaving them overburdened. + +There are more than one hundred hospitals across Indian-administered Kashmir, but specifically for bone and joint-related issues, the region is dependent on a single health care facility called the Government Hospital for Bone and Joint, Barzulla, located in Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. + +The sole orthopedic hospital was closed as a result of Covid-19 emergency regulations imposed by Jammu and Kashmir officials in 2020. Time and again, with the surge in Covid cases during the second wave in 2021, the facility remained shut. With nowhere else to go, people turned to the bonesetters for treatment. + +> Cracked bandages, pieces of cloth, cotton, and hard paper are the only equipment + +In the time of Covid-19, Chopan says he has witnessed an increase in the daily rush of patients. He says the number of people he treats each day has jumped from 10 to 30 patients. During a Covid-19 surge in his area, the number increased even more. + +Unlike hospitals, Chopan and other bonesetters don’t charge a fixed fee — he says he has never asked for a fee but says his patients pay him what they feel like at the time — and he doesn’t have to close every time the government orders a shutdown. + +A boatman rows to ferry clients on Dal Lake as the weather improves in Srinagar following heavy Snowfall amidst the harsh winter period in Kashmir.Adil Hussain + +As he lives close to the famous Gulmarg ski resort, Chopan has also started treating non-local skiers who suffer orthopedic injuries on the slopes in the winter season. According to Chopan, as many as ten skiers visit him every winter season, which lasts for three months in Kashmir. + +Chopan claims bonesetters never receive complaints, although, of course, it is hard to know for sure. Cracked bandages, pieces of cloth, cotton, and hard paper are the only equipment available to him and his peers to treat their patients. + +Bonesetters typically don’t recommend any medicines to their patients and rely on their own treatment only. But at the same time, many bonesetters — and particularly those in the fourth and fifth generation of their families who practice this kind of healing — believe modern medical training will be mandatory to take their work forward. + +Ghulam Nabi Bangoo, a degree holder in acupressure and a faith healer, observing a patient at his clinic on the outskirts of Srinagar.Adil Hussain + +Ghulam Nabi Bangoo, 45, is a bonesetter like Chopan. But unlike Chopan, Bangoo has a master’s degree in acupressure, which is similar to a Japanese therapy called shiatsu and involves the application of pressure (as with the thumbs or fingertips) to the same discrete points on the body stimulated in acupuncture to achieve the same therapeutic effects — like relieving tension or pain. He got his degree three years ago at a college in Jodhpur, a city some 750 miles away in Rajasthan, India. + +Bangoo also received training in bonesetting from his father, just like Chopan, but he decided that in order to be a better healer, he needed to pursue a master’s in acupressure, which he believes boosted his skills. + +> “This profession is **sacred**.” + +Most of the people visiting him have problems with their back and fractures. He also sees people with hip problems, but he tells them to go to the hospital, considering such issues beyond his powers of healing. + +“My forefathers were associated with this profession from the past one century, but I am the only one who decided to continue this profession with a professional degree to understand things more stoutly,” Bangoo says. He is the fifth generation of his family to practice bonesetting. + +Haji Noor Mohammad Bangoo (left) and his relative Ghulam Muhammad (right), both the practitioners of traditional bone setting art devote Friday to attend people with broken bones or aching bodies in an alley outside the market of revered Muslim shrine and mosque of Dargah Hazratbal in Srinagar.Adil Hussain + +Bangoo wants the profession to be carried forward by his next of kin, too, but not without professional training. He believes that two years of medical training is a must for the next generation to learn the skills and meet modern demands. + +Haji Noor Muhammad, 50, another Muslim bonesetter from Habak Shahanpora, a neighborhood on the outskirts of the summer capital of Kashmir, Srinagar, has been practicing bonesetting for at least 30 years. He too believes a modern education will help this profession survive for future generations. + +One way science can help bonesetters like Muhammad is to identify which bones are injured, and the damage done. You need years of experience in bonesetting to intuit this information using just touch, Muhammad says, but X-rays and other modern equipment can reveal the injury fast. For Muhammad, such training and resources are turning out to be good business. Patients are starting to expect the bonesetters to incorporate modern technology into their practice, and the customer is always right. + +> The most **crucial part** of this profession is spirituality + +Like other [bonesetters](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C578704AzS8), Muhammad claims to have healed people from all over the world, saying his door has never been closed to anyone and he has never asked for payment. + +“This profession is sacred,” he says. + +In the ancient Aali Kadal area of the city of Srinagar, Ghulam Muhammad, a 60-year-old known as “Papa” among the locals, has also been practicing bonesetting for the last 30 years. Like Muhammad, Papa believes bandaging up the patient is not the only treatment that can help them heal the most crucial part of this profession is spirituality. It is this element that truly heals people, he says. + +‘’A piece of cloth, adhesive surgical tape, cardboard sheet, and cotton,’’ this is what I use to treat people with different injuries and fractures, says Ghulam Muhammad.Adil Hussain + +Papa has been training his son for the last eight years to become a bonesetter and ensure their forefathers’ traditions do not end with him. In his time as a bonesetter, Papa says he has made few changes to his practice, however. + +In the past, turmeric and ghee were among the ‘ointments’ bonesetters used to heal patients. But now, Papa and other bonesetters don’t believe in these materials’ healing powers. Papa actually thinks these substances are more of a hinder to healing than a help. + +As Covid-19 forced more people to visit these indigenous healers, the need for more support — technology, medical supplies, and more — has become increasingly acute. Papa, for his part, has had to set up a three shifts-a-day schedule to attend to everyone who comes to him now. + +Mrs. Hameed is freed from treatment on the fourth day as Papa removes applied cloth from her hand at his clinic in Old Srinagar.Adil Hussain + +But as more people turn to the bonesetters, it begs the question: Do they truly heal people? + +> A future where **science and belief** blend together + +Farooq Ahmad, 40, who hails from north Kashmir’s Baramulla district had an accident two years ago and injured his leg. He went to the hospital and was told to undergo surgery, but decided to leave the hospital and visit a bonesetter instead. + +“I didn’t undergo the surgery, but was treated successfully by the bonesetter,” Ahmad says. “Since then, I have never complained of any pain in my leg.” Since then, he and his family members have never visited the hospitals for treatment whenever they suffer any injury. + +Ghulam Muhammad gives a massage to Farooq Ahmad on his third weekly visit to treat his twisted wrist near the Hazratbal shrine on the outskirts of Srinagar.Adil Hussain + +Traditional bonesetters have always served the people when they are most in need, according to Ghulam Muhammad Latto, a 48-year-old man who lives in the Gulab Bagh area of Srinagar. + +He recalls an accident his father had some 35 years ago, claiming that his father was taken to the hospital where he was treated for many weeks, but didn’t heal properly. + +“We took him to the bonesetter here, who miraculously treated him within a short span,” Latto says. He adds that his son sustained a grievous hand injury and was also treated by Papa, too. + +Kashmir has a fraught history: It’s stunning landscape is a site of geopolitical tension resulting from the strained relationships between India, Pakistan, and China, which all govern different regions of Kashmir. Throughout this troubled valley, the bonesetters’ healing hands continue to provide succor to many. But as modernity slowly creeps in and the pressure on their practice mounts, they are looking toward a future where science and belief blend together for the better. + +> There is something that modern medicine cannot offer... that the bonesetters can + +As the bonesetter Bangoo, who pursued a degree as part of his practice, says: “I believe modern technology is a must to treat the patients and I believe that a professional degree is a must to carry forward the profession in the presence of modern technology.” + +As the pandemic wanes, health infrastructure in Kashmir has also improved. But there is also a dearth of doctors, medical staff, and paramedics, which affects patient care on the ground. And because there is only one orthopedic hospital in the whole of Kashmir, people will continue to visit indigenous healers for treatment, both to avoid any delay as well as to avoid spending hefty amounts of money on hospital care. + +A Kashmiri Sufi preacher distributes sweets and dates to women devotees at a shrine in the Khanyar area of Srinagar.Adil Hussain + +In turn, there is something that modern medicine cannot offer the people in Kashmir that the bonesetters can: a spiritual connection to their past. [Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valley) is one of the few Muslim-majority regions in India and is known as the land of Sufi saints. Sufism is a form of Islam known for its almost mystical qualities and the belief that one can have a personal connection with God. + +This kind of spirituality has been passed down by these saints — and people living in Kashmir today strongly believe in these ideas. Bonesetters are an embodiment of these spiritual ideals — and that will always draw patients to them. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send.md b/00.03 News/On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9074ce55 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Human", "Psychology"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://psyche.co/ideas/on-the-pleasures-of-hand-writing-letters-youll-never-send +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-OnthepleasureshandwritinglettersyouneversendNSave + +  + +# On the pleasures of hand-writing letters you’ll never send + +**December 2016 found me alone** in a new city for a job, 1,350 miles from home, renting a large two-bedroom flat whose endless emptiness reminded me how much I missed my mother, my best friend and my boyfriend. After switching off the various lights in the echoey, mostly empty rooms, I’d get into bed and pull out my writing kit: a roll of orange handmade paper and envelopes, stamps and glue. New to the city, alien to its language and people, I took to writing letters. + +At first, I wrote sharp, stringent paragraphs or one-sided letters, burning with the sting of feeling alone and a longing to reach out and connect. Relieved after writing, I’d submit these letters to the inner recesses of a drawer. These were emotions I felt and did not want anyone else to be privy to: angry, sad, excited, drunk, these unsent letters mirrored my state of being. + +Over the years, I continued to nurse this hobby as a private neurosis. It afforded me immediate disconnection, a semblance of closure and it helped me sleep better. Though occasionally, when moving house or city, I’ve thrown away some of these letters, lest they are found and embarrass me, I continue to write them, basking in their private glories, born of the need to express myself but not always be heard. + +Of course, we live in the era of the unsent email, where drafts linger in our outboxes, and where the act of writing (and not pressing ‘send’) gives me – and many others – a semblance of calm. I can pour my heart out, unseen, then emerge as a more composed off-paper version of myself. Writing unsent letters can give me courage or work like a silent prayer. It can act as a rehearsal before I launch myself into a confrontation, or an avowed expression of love. In keeping these letters to myself, I am drawing a line, disinviting scrutiny of my bare emotions. + +This collection of unsent letters and cards, accumulated over more than a decade, delivers a pleasure both sensual and immediate. But I sometimes wonder what might have happened had I sent these notes and rants and one-sided confessions. Clutching them close as I read them now, a line from the [collection](https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691170565/living-on-paper) _Living on Paper: Letters from Iris Murdoch 1934-1995_ (2015) comes to mind: ‘Letters should aspire to the condition of talk. Say first thing that comes into head.’ + +Unsent letters in fiction can alter the course of lives + +All these years, I didn’t realise that I was doing something we find dotted throughout literary history. History and literature are strewn with letters left unsent (deliberately or by mistake), those that were never written, those written but misdirected, intercepted or that otherwise failed to reach their intended recipients. Some of these letters changed the course of a life by remaining unsent, while others turned out to have been retained judiciously; indeed, US presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Harry S Truman frequently deployed unsent letters as a way of letting off steam. In the [anthology](https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/103/1036888/reading-myself-and-others/9780099485025.html) _Reading Myself and Others_ (1975), Philip Roth called the unsent letter ‘a flourishing subliterary genre with a long and moving history’. + +For Janet Malcolm, letters were ‘fossils of feeling’ in acting as repositories of what and how we once felt and putting a finger to the pulse of a moment in our lives when we throbbed with emotions. In the process of researching Sylvia Plath’s life, Malcolm wrote (then decided not to send) a letter to another biographer: her thoughts, she realised, merely needed a place in the world, not a response. In her resulting [biography](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/106482/the-silent-woman-by-janet-malcolm/) of Plath, Malcolm comments perceptively on Plath’s mother Aurelia’s unsent letters to Ted Hughes, ‘in which she permitted herself to say what she finally decided she couldn’t permit herself to say.’ For Malcolm, ‘The genre of the unsent letter might reward study … We have all contributed to it …’ + +**Fiction affords us insight into** the way unsent letters can alter the course of lives. Because time in novels is elastic, expansive and infinite, and point of view can shift, writers can jump forward years to reveal the unintended consequences of letters mistakenly sent or misplaced. In Thomas Hardy’s _Tess of the d’Urbervilles_ (1892), Tess pushes a letter under the door, thinking to catch her fiancé Angel Clare’s attention, not realising that it has merely slipped out of sight, under the carpet, thereby altering the course of the tale. Similarly, in Ian McEwan’s _Atonement_ (2001), Robbie leaves a letter on his writing desk, realising his error too late, after delivering an envelope containing an erotic first draft that he’d never meant to forward. + +In their personal lives, many writers have composed paragraph upon paragraph when tipsy. Jean Rhys, an indefatigable letter-writer, noted in one of her epistles: ‘This has been written with the aid of whiskey as you doubtless guess.’ Perhaps unsurprisingly, the release she experienced while writing under the influence bled into her fiction. In Rhys’s _Voyage in the Dark_ (1934), Anna Morgan spends her days drinking, and writing unsent letters to Walter, the lover who rejects her, as she grapples with her ‘fallen’ situation: ‘every time you put your hand on my heart it used to jump well you can’t pretend that can you can pretend everything else but not that it’s the only thing you can’t pretend…’ The letters exhibit a sort of inebriated stream-of-consciousness, illuminating Anna’s alcohol-driven depression with a rawness that few diary entries could match. + +It’s hard to talk about unsent letters and not mention Virginia Woolf’s response to J B Priestley’s eviscerating review of her book, _The Second Common Reader_ (1932), in which he called Woolf ‘the High Priestess of Bloomsbury’ and said her writing belonged to that ilk of ‘terrifically sensitive, cultured, invalidish ladies with private means’. Days later, the BBC invited Priestley to deliver a derisive radio lecture, ‘To a High-brow’, which, in turn, invited a response from the writer Harold Nicolson (another target of Priestley’s scorn, and husband of Woolf’s onetime lover Vita Sackville-West). Woolf was unsettled by the literary wrangling that followed, dubbed the ‘battle of the brows’. She rushed to offer her take on the question in a letter to _New Statesman_, but then decided against posting. Instead, she reworked her unsent letter into an essay that appeared posthumously in _The Death of the Moth and Other Essays_, and in which she argued that the true social malady in need of eradication was the ‘middlebrow’ mentality, concerned with ‘neither art itself nor life itself, but both mixed indistinguishably, and rather nastily, with money, fame, power, or prestige.’ + +Writing letters to yourself is an exercise in immense patience, and in paying attention + +Contemporary literature teems with epistolary novels. Chris Kraus’s experimental [collage](https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/i-love-dick) _I Love Dick_ (1997) is a melange of diary entries, letters and auto-fictional elements fluctuating between seduction and stalking. Kraus’s interest lay in exploring who gets to speak and who gets to answer back. Stephen Chbosky’s _The Perks of Being a Wallflower_ (1999) is meanwhile concerned with what is _unspeakable_, its coming-of-age narrative framed by the letters of the introverted Charlie to a fictional ‘dear friend’. Through these letters, Charlie opens up about his private trauma, following the senseless suicide of his middle-school friend. + +Modern authors are experimenting with the form in fresh and exciting ways. Joanne Limburg’s _Letters to My Weird Sisters_ (2021), in which Limburg [addresses](https://atlantic-books.co.uk/book/letters-to-my-weird-sisters/) a series of letters to her neurodivergent progenitors, is a powerful dedication to sisterhood. In _Letters to Camondo_ (2021), Edmund de Waal [writes](https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/144/1443177/letters-to-camondo/9781784744311.html) 58 intimate letters to the late Jewish art collector, as vehicles for profound reflections, commentary and stories on the nature of collecting, the vicissitudes of memory and the Jewish experience in France. In _Things I Have Withheld_ (2021), the novelist and poet Kei Miller [uses](https://canongate.co.uk/books/3660-things-i-have-withheld/) his experience as a Black, Jamaican, queer man to dig into the silences around Black identity through letters to James Baldwin. Miller writes to Baldwin while imagining himself in the bodies of Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd at the moments of their murders. + +The Nigerian writer Emmanuel Iduma has structured an entire book in the form of draft emails, unsent letters and poetry. In _A Stranger’s_ _Pose_ (2018), Iduma [describes](https://www.mriduma.com/books/) the deaths of people he has met, often by writing letters to the deceased or their loved ones. These unsent letters edify the impossibility of full understanding, which is a recurring theme in the book. Here, the unsent letter is equal parts memoir and literary device. + +**Exploring the ebbs and flows of human nature**, the British psychoanalyst Darian Leader turned to the unsent letter in his [book](https://www.faber.co.uk/product/9780571179312-why-do-women-write-more-letters-than-they-post/) _Why Do Women Write More Letters Than They Post?_ (1997). He asks: ‘\[I\]f a letter is written but not posted, at whom or what is it really aimed?’ Examining the purpose behind such letters, Leader provides insight into how men and women construct their identity and their relations to love. According to him, the differences between men and women, and, in particular, male and female sexuality, are founded on uncertainty. Likewise with the unsent letter, which expresses the ‘fundamental loneliness of each sex’, and which is not posted ‘for the simple reason that it remains eternally unfinished’. Leader ventures that ‘the letter is unfinished because _the person who wrote it is unfinished._’ Human beings are ever evolving, they are perpetually unfinished: but, by posting his letter, a man might aim to obscure this, while a woman’s unposted letter ‘highlights \[her\] unfinished nature’. ‘A letter,’ says Leader ‘can be a letter or it can be something else. If it is something else, it doesn’t need to be posted.’ + +The commonality between unsent letters – whether literary, political or personal – is that they are written from a point of self-examination and, as such, they can be broadly subsumed under two categories, _chronicles_ and _confessions_, both intuitively averse to modern forms of communication. Today, in a time of instant, fervent and deeply satisfying exchange on social media, of quick emails and snappy witticisms clad as arguments, writing letters to yourself is an exercise in immense patience, and in paying attention. It’s about reclaiming focus in a highly distracting world, and acknowledging that self-enlightenment requires long hours of studied introspection and self-examination. That I write my letters (sent or otherwise) in longhand helps take some edge off the heat of my feelings, but still my private writing continues to be laced with hurt or brimming with passion. Sometimes, it is not even the content that matters, but as Leader says, the act of writing itself. + +In the past two years, I have written many such letters, scribbled them in haste, with love, or in tearful anger. But I did not send a single one of them. I know that, down the years, as I revisit them, I’ll see them all as drafts of a previous self. As Emily Dickinson wrote in her unsent love letters to an unidentified lover, posthumously published as _The_ _Master Letters:_ ‘“It is finished” can never be said of us.’ And there is, undeniably, nothing finished about all of our unsent letters. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin.md b/00.03 News/Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1a3b3b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/Opinion The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Politics", "War", "Russia"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/01/21/russia-sanctions-stop-putin-energy-markets-us-invasion-527524 +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-RussiaSanctionsThatCouldActuallyStopPutinNSave + +  + +# Opinion | The Russia Sanctions That Could Actually Stop Putin + +Sanctions on key Russian exports like oil would have significant effects on Russia’s economy and perhaps on the global financial system. | Misha Friedman/Getty Images + +_[Edward Fishman](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/edward-fishman/), a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and adjunct fellow at the Center for a New American Security, is a former member of the U.S. Secretary of State’s Policy Planning Staff._ + +_[Chris Miller](https://www.aei.org/profile/chris-miller/) is an assistant professor at the Fletcher School at Tufts University and a Jeane Kirkpatrick Visiting Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute._ + +This week, Secretary of State Antony Blinken traveled to Kyiv in what seemed to be a last-ditch diplomatic effort to avert a Russian attack on Ukraine. Days of failed talks have made clear that the Kremlin-manufactured crisis is unlikely to be resolved by a diplomatic grand bargain. So the U.S. will have to rely, once again, on the threat of economic sanctions to convince President Vladimir Putin to back down. + +The Biden administration has warned Moscow of “[severe economic costs](https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-aims-sanctions-at-pro-russian-separatists-as-antony-blinken-plans-ukraine-russia-meetings-11642529955)” if Russia invades. But [skepticism is growing](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2022-01-07/what-it-will-take-deter-russia) about whether sanctions can really deter the Kremlin. The U.S. and Europe have maintained sanctions against Russia since its initial invasion of Crimea in 2014, yet [these have always been modest](https://warontherocks.com/2020/10/make-russia-sanctions-effective-again/), far from the sweeping penalties enforced on Iran, North Korea or Venezuela. Arguably, [sanctions helped rein in Moscow’s ambitions](https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/former-ambassador-mcfauls-testimony-congress-russian-sanctions) in Ukraine early on, but since then, they have failed to stop Russian adventurism. Sanctions are the go-to tool when leaders want to “do something” about Russia, but most of the penalties over the past decade have been economically minor and ineffective at changing Russian policy. + +Why is it so difficult to convert America’s economic heft into geopolitical power? When it comes to sanctioning Russia, the U.S. faces three recurring challenges: The sanctions tend to be imposed gradually; they are negotiated with reluctant allies; and the most impactful ones would also be economically costly to the West. As a result, the Russia sanctions in place today are a watered-down compromise, designed to placate allies and minimize domestic costs. + +Bending Russia’s macroeconomic fortunes — and Putin’s calculus — will require targeting the country’s financial system as well as key exports such as oil. Such sanctions would have significant effects on Russia’s economy and perhaps on the global financial system, which is why U.S. officials have been hesitant to go this far. But averting a war is a tall order and, unfortunately, won’t be cost-free. “Smart” or “targeted” sanctions won’t work. To really impose pain on Russia, the U.S. and Europe will have to bear some burden, too — although, fortunately, there are ways to minimize the fallout for Western economies. + +The Biden administration needs to face these tradeoffs head on — and soon, because once Russian tanks are rolling, it will be too late for sanctions to deter the Kremlin. At this moment of maximum leverage, the U.S. should signal clearly that if Putin orders an invasion, it will quickly impose massive, immediate costs on the Russian economy as a whole, not just a few limited targets. It’s up to the Biden administration to show it’s prepared to absorb some economic and political damage to prevent Putin from choosing war. + +* * * + +**The first barrier to effective sanctions** is that policymakers tend to [ratchet them up incrementally](https://www.lawfareblog.com/how-fix-americas-failing-sanctions-policy). Instead of imposing quick and devastating costs, [the U.S. tightens the screws slowly](https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/nato-eto-rak/?fbclid=IwAR1i0UT2O9VaOTP08RqufhjZlufT5TFmXZ-Qth2YijyX-hSTIyup6CbLupI), waiting to see what the adversary does next. Policymakers are justifiably cautious about not wanting to escalate; for instance, Russian officials have threatened to respond to sanctions with cyberattacks. + +But to stop Putin from invading, he needs to fear the first salvo of sanctions, not the ones that might come after an invasion has already started. In 2014, the U.S. and Europe started with targeted sanctions against individuals and small firms and didn’t impose major penalties until July — five months after Russia’s “little green men” swarmed Crimea. The delay was understandable, as Moscow’s military operation took the West by surprise and there was not yet a playbook for sanctions against Russia. This time, however, the U.S. and Europe have almost a decade of experience with Russia sanctions and ample warning of an invasion. They can reach for the heavy penalties straight away. + +The second challenge is managing the European Union, which is highly dependent on Russian natural gas and requires the unanimous assent of 27 states to impose sanctions. A united alliance is an important deterrent against Russian aggression. But the EU will invariably have a lower appetite for high-impact sanctions than the United States, and will also move more slowly. + +The United States should be more willing to look past Europe’s hesitancy when crafting economic penalties. It’s true that any sanctions package will be most impactful if the United States, Europe and other allies work together. But the perfect shouldn’t be the enemy of the good. + +When the U.S. and Europe coordinated to sanction Iran for its nuclear program, Washington was always pushing to be tougher. The EU bristled at the aggressiveness of U.S. sanctions but eventually joined many of them. Had the United States made EU agreement a precondition of tough sanctions on Iran, they would never have been imposed and we never would have gotten a nuclear deal. Today, Russia policy should not be dictated by the lowest common denominator within the EU. Instead, the U.S. should be ready to move first and alone, if necessary, respecting EU countries’ positions while urging them to take a strong stance. + +The third and most important barrier is that any sanctions that have a broad enough economic impact to influence Putin will also affect ordinary Russians, as well as the United States and Europe. The notion of “targeted sanctions” suggests it’s possible to only hit bad guys while sparing everyone else. But the Kremlin isn’t just a few bad guys; it wields the resources of an entire country — Russia — to abuse neighbors and destabilize Europe. [Hitting the bank accounts of Kremlin officials and Putin cronies](https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/27/russian-critics-biden-putin-relationship-500818) can only be marginally effective when these individuals treat Russia’s resources as their own personal piggy bank. + +The U.S. debate has focused on symbolic sanctions that would have minimal impact on the world economy — but also minimal impact on Russia. Sanctioning Nord Stream 2 — a gas pipeline that isn’t currently operational and wouldn’t increase Europe’s purchases of Russian gas — would scarcely hurt Russia. Similarly, removing Russia from SWIFT, the financial messaging service, would be disruptive but [isn’t the “nuclear option”](https://twitter.com/brianoftoole/status/1481630912773345316) that many people think. + +The Biden administration is also [reportedly considering tightening sanctions](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/08/us/politics/us-sanctions-russia-ukraine.html) on the Russian defense sector. Measures like this won’t impose major, immediate costs sufficient to deter the Kremlin. The same applies to sanctioning all trading in Russian sovereign debt, [as some analysts have suggested](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/The-impact-of-Western-sanctions-on-Russia-and-how-they-can-be-made-even-more-effective-5.2.pdf). Russia possesses a large rainy-day fund, a very low level of government debt and is projected to run a budget surplus this year. Few countries are better prepared to face U.S. sanctions on their debt. In sum, many of the sanctions being discussed are marginally stronger versions of penalties that have already been imposed — to little effect. + +* * * + +**There are two main categories of sanction**s that stand a chance of actually changing Putin’s mind — and each comes with downsides that the U.S. needs to consider seriously. First, the United States could threaten to cut off major Russian banks from the U.S. financial system. Blacklisting a major Russian bank, such as Sberbank, VTB or Gazprombank, would make it difficult — if not impossible — for anyone in the world to transact with it. + +The Treasury Department has deep experience imposing sanctions on foreign banks, having done so repeatedly against Iran. The largest Russian banks are much bigger than their Iranian peers, which has given U.S. officials pause about sanctioning them in the past. Indeed, this would cause substantial financial distress in Russia. Full-blocking sanctions on Sberbank would be particularly impactful, since most Russians have an account there. Russia’s government would have to step in to bail out the bank and would struggle to prevent a domestic financial crisis. Companies would slash investment. The ruble would fall sharply against the dollar, but it would become riskier to hold dollars in Russian banks. Russian inflation would spike higher and real incomes would fall. + +The impact would also be felt internationally. Many Western investment funds own Sberbank stocks and bonds, the value of which would slump. + +[Legislation recently proposed by Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.)](https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ROS22031.pdf), and supported by the White House, would sanction several major Russian banks if Russia invades Ukraine. But some of the banks on the list are small, while at least two of them (VEB.RF and the Russian Direct Investment Fund) aren’t banks but investment firms. Tempting as it may be to target the small fish, sanctions will only impact the Kremlin’s calculus if they target the biggest banks and impose harsh restrictions that cause financial dislocation. + +Second, the U.S. could substantially reduce Russia’s export revenues. Russia’s biggest export is oil (around 45 percent of exports), and other exports the U.S. could sanction include gas, coal and various iron and steel products. With Iran, [the United States drastically cut the country’s oil exports](https://www.wsj.com/articles/iranian-oil-exports-rise-as-tehran-circumvents-sanctions-finds-new-buyers-11608052404) by allowing Iran’s customers to gradually wind down purchases over time. A similar campaign is possible against Russia, though since Russia exports more oil than Iran, global oil prices would take a bigger hit. (Other countries would eventually increase production to make up for the shortage, but there would be a time lag during which oil prices would remain high.) + +The United States could also sanction Russia’s natural gas exports, though this carries even greater tradeoffs. The world — especially Europe — already faces natural gas shortages this year. Energy-intensive European industries, notably in Germany, could face shutdowns if Russian gas supplies were halted. Given the Biden administration’s struggle with [spiking energy prices](https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/08/politics/us-russia-ukraine-energy-sanctions/index.html) and [worsening inflation](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/01/12/inflation-food-gas-housing-healthcare/), it’s not hard to see why Washington may be reticent to impose such sanctions. + +* * * + +**No U.S. administration** can fully extract itself from these tradeoffs. But we should not allow the inevitability of unintended consequences to be an excuse for tentativeness or inaction. The economic and geopolitical instability that would result from a Russian invasion of Ukraine would outstrip the fallout from tough financial sanctions. + +Moreover, there are ways to minimize unintended consequences. The Treasury Department can issue licenses that permit non-Russian firms to wind down activities with Sberbank. Similarly, energy sanctions shouldn’t be off-limits because of the risks of high oil prices. Rather, the sanctions should be structured to give energy markets time to adjust. + +The United States could start by hitting exports from a different angle, expanding existing restrictions on foreign investment in Russia’s oil sector — currently limited to next-generation ventures like Arctic offshore, deepwater and shale — to all Russian oil projects. In parallel, U.S. sanctions could target energy sales more gradually, by aiming to reduce Russian oil exports by 10 percentage points a year over a decade. The impact on Russia would be still severe and immediate, with the ruble falling sharply as markets price in the coming shock. + +It’s true that global oil prices would rise, but the increase would be limited since markets would have a decade to adjust. Such a policy could even be structured so that the 10-year clock doesn’t begin until 2023, giving other countries plenty of time to ramp up production — and to look to alternative, climate-friendly energy sources. + +Of course, phasing in sanctions this way gives Russia time to adjust, too — generating some of the risks of the incrementalist approach discussed above. But Russia has no alternative to selling oil and a track record of failure at diversifying its economy. So it would be far easier for the West to adjust than for Russia. + +Other Russian exports on which the world is less dependent could be targeted more quickly, maximizing the impact on Russia and minimizing the impact on global markets. China would gladly fill the gap if Russian exports of many iron and steel products were cut off. Russia accounts for a small share of world copper, so severing that export after a couple years wouldn’t be very disruptive. Aluminum markets could also adjust after just a few years. These commodities plus oil account for over half of Russian exports. For all the attention paid to natural gas, Russia earns only a fraction from gas of what it does from oil. It can be left out of a sanctions package without weakening the overall effect. + +Finally, though the discussion mostly focuses on hitting Russia’s exports, the United States could also block goods that Russia imports. The Biden administration [has reportedly threatened to ban Russia](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-us-could-hit-russia-smartphone-aircraft-part-imports-if-it-invades-2021-12-21/) from buying smartphones and consumer electronics from abroad. Targeting components that Russian industry needs could also impose serious pain. Russia imports around $10 billion in car parts a year; this constitutes only 2 percent of the global market for car parts, so foreign firms would barely notice if Russia were cut off. But this would make it extraordinarily difficult for Russian factories to build cars, forcing Russians to spend scarce foreign exchange resources buying cars from abroad. + +The U.S. could also place restrictions on machine tools and precision implements sold to Russia to ensure they don’t support the government’s military buildup. The U.S. debate has wrongly focused on sanctioning oligarchs, overlooking the reality that it is the entire Russian economy, not Putin’s cronies, that provides the resources the country’s military requires. + +The United States has relatively less experience with aggressive export controls, so any new measures must be imposed carefully. It’s clear, though, that this is an under-explored area of economic statecraft against Russia. Russia has spent the past 30 years integrating economically with the United States and Europe. The argument that helping Russia modernize would produce a friendlier ruling class has been disproven. Rather, Russia has used the profits from this strategy to fund a highly effective program of military modernization. Yet Russia needs Western products and technology far more than the West needs Russian commodities. This gives the United States powerful levers it hasn’t used yet. + +Of course, such measures would have costs not just to Russia but to the United States and Europe. They would also cause serious friction with other major economies, notably China. But policymakers should be honest about how sanctions really work. Either they adopt small-scale, politically and diplomatically acceptable penalties, or they take measures that will make Russia feel enough pain to change course. The nature of the globalized economy is that we can’t insulate the rest of the world — including ourselves — from that pain, even if Russia will suffer substantially more. + +Russia may have the advantage on the battlefield in Ukraine, but the West has vast power over Russia’s economy. It should be prepared to use it — and also be prepared for the costs. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/Putin’s New Iron Curtain.md b/00.03 News/Putin’s New Iron Curtain.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..94aaf569 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/Putin’s New Iron Curtain.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Politics", "War", "Russia"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://puck.news/putins-new-iron-curtain +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-PutinNewIronCurtainNSave + +  + +# Putin’s New Iron Curtain + +The war arrived at 4 a.m. local time, just as the rumors said it would. It started with air strikes—in Kyiv, in Kharkiv, Mariupol, Ivano-Frankivsk—and then there were the amphibious landings in Odessa and Belarusian tanks coming over the border in the north. Just as explosions began to echo around Ukraine, **Vladimir Putin** [addressed](http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843) his nation, as well as the one he was attacking, something that he and his minions had promised for months that they had no intention of doing. This would be a “special military operation” Putin [said](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-24/full-transcript-vladimir-putin-s-televised-address-to-russia-on-ukraine-feb-24?cmpid%3D=socialflow-twitter-politics&utm_content=politics&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=socialflow-organic), to “de-Nazify and demilitarize Ukraine.” His troops would rid it of the “junta” that had seized power and was committing “genocide” against the innocents. The perpetrators, he promised, would be tried and brought to justice. + +But even as his forces were shelling the entirety of Ukraine—north to south, east to west—Putin made clear that his invasion wasn’t really about Ukraine. It was about the United States, about history and settling old scores, and rewriting the terms of surrender, thirty years later, that ended the Cold War. “After the collapse of the U.S.S.R., a redivision of the world began,” Putin announced Thursday just before dawn, sitting at his desk in the Kremlin. But “the people who declared themselves the victors of the Cold War” decided that they could do away with the norms that had become accepted, including the “key, fundamental ones that were agreed to as a result of the Second World War and, which in large part, secured its results.”  + +Putin was referring, of course, to the division of Europe into spheres of influence, decided at [Yalta](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf) in February 1945, as World War II was coming to an end. On that day, three men—**Winston Churchill**, **Franklin D. Roosevelt**, and **Josef Stalin**—representing the three victors in Europe, sat down and carved up a shattered, bloodied Europe. Without asking for the consent of the governed, Stalin took the countries in eastern Europe that his troops had liberated at great cost, and Churchill and Roosevelt took the continent’s western half. (Germany, of course, endured shared custody.) Other agreements would follow—as would a wall—and, in Putin’s mind, an equilibrium was established. The new North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, bound together the countries of the West, and the Warsaw Pact, which consisted of the Soviet Union’s satellites in eastern and central Europe, provided a counterbalance.  + +It is a theme that Putin has returned to over and over again, most famously in his [speech](http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034) at the 2007 Munich Security Conference, when he bemoaned a lost geopolitical utopia. “Only two decades ago, the world was ideologically and economically divided,” he said then, “and it was the huge strategic potential of two superpowers that ensured global security.” Forget the bloody proxy wars of Angola, Vietnam, Mozambique, Afghanistan, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Don’t mind the hundreds of millions, if not billions, of people who lived in fear under the totalitarian regimes of one half of this geopolitical seesaw. More important, to Putin, was the fact that Moscow was one of the two centers of the universe. Moscow determined the course of world events. Moscow could set the terms and expect that they would be respected, because Moscow was one of two nuclear hegemons with global reach. + +The collapse of the U.S.S.R., which Putin has repeatedly referred to as a “geopolitical catastrophe,” brought an end to all this. “In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union became weak and then completely collapsed,” he said on Thursday morning, going down the long winding road of history as his air force pounded Ukrainian targets. “The entire course of those events is a good lesson for us today. It showed convincingly that the paralysis of power, of will, is the first step to degradation and oblivion. All it took was for us to lose our self-confidence and that was it: the balance of the world was upended.” The West, he continued, “in a state of euphoria from its absolute superiority” chose to ignore the interests of the defeated and “pushed through decisions that were beneficial only to itself.”  + +Putin, in a fit of pique, rattled off the offenses committed in the name of this swaggering, unipolar order: the [bombing of Belgrade](https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/22/78-days-of-fear-remembering-natos-bombing-of-yugoslavia/), the NATO intervention in Libya, **Colin Powell** and his model vial of anthrax, the civil war in Syria. Fair enough, perhaps. But how was any of this Ukraine’s fault? + +* * * + +###### “My Beauty, It Is Your Duty” + +Earlier this month, during his press conference with **Emmanuel Macron**, who had traveled to Moscow in a bid to defuse tensions, Putin fired off a lewd ditty about Ukraine and its obligations under the Minsk agreements. “My beauty, it is your duty,” he [said](https://www.google.com/search?q=%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS809US809&oq=%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160l4.6501j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8), in what is the best approximation of the Russian rhyme about a woman having to endure rape.  + +It was hard not to think about that joke—if you can call it that—on Thursday, when Putin turned his screed about American imperialism to the topic of Ukraine. This time, he didn’t allude to rape. He didn’t have to. “This is self-defense against those who took Ukraine hostage and are trying to use her against our country and its people,” he said. It was about the people “creating a hostile anti-Russia on our own historical lands.”  + +Here was something truly incredible: As Putin’s armies were shelling Ukrainian cities, and as innocent Ukrainians hid in bomb shelters and metro stations, the Russian president spoke of the country he was invading as a female hostage—someone who had gotten in over her head and had allowed herself to be used by the enemy to get back at her ex (in his metaphor, that would be Russia). Putin accused the United States of installing a “junta” in Kyiv, of legitimizing its pro-Western government with “[decorative](https://www.oscepa.org/en/news-a-media/press-releases/press-2010/international-observers-say-ukrainian-election-was-free-and-fair) [elections](https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/8/415733.pdf),” of stuffing the country full of weapons and turning it against Russia, its old, faithful protector. Now Russia simply had to intervene and prevent what Putin assured his listeners was a coming attack from Ukrainian soil; he had to [liberate](https://twitter.com/jseldin/status/1496707236470665217) Russia’s dear old beauty. This would be painful but necessary for their bright and happy future. “As hard as it may be, I ask for your understanding,” Putin cooed maliciously into the camera, “so that we can turn this tragic page as soon as possible and move forward together, not letting anyone meddle in our affairs, into our relationship, but to build it independently so that we can solve all our problems and, despite the existence of government borders, strengthen each other from within as a single whole. I believe in this—in exactly this kind of future together.” + +But Putin also made it very clear, in declaring war, that Ukraine was merely a proxy. His real fight wasn’t even with NATO, which he derided as an assembly of American lackeys. (“All of \[America’s\] satellites not only obediently and meekly play yes-men, sing along for any reason,” Putin smirked, “they also copy its behavior, gleefully accepting the rules it proposes.”) His real enemy, he said, was the United States, which he called “the empire of lies.” + +Earlier this week, Putin [described](https://puck.news/will-putin-get-his-world-war-iii/?utm_code=julia%40puck.news) in great (and mostly false) detail why he believed that Ukraine was not a real country but, rather, a core part of the historical Russian heartland that had been torn away from Moscow. On Thursday, he expanded on his grievance: the U.S. was playing games with a part of the world that Russia considered its property—and one with sentimental, world-historical value at that. “For the U.S. and its allies, this so-called policy of containing Russia has obvious geopolitical dividends,” he said. “But for our country, this is a question of life and death, a question of our historical future as a people. This is not an exaggeration. This is how it is. This is a real threat not just to our interests, but to the very existence of our government and its sovereignty. This is that same red line that we’ve talked about many times. _They_ have crossed it.”  + +Putin claimed that he had real intelligence to prove that the U.S. was pushing Ukraine to attack Russia—much as Putin claimed, without evidence, that the U.S. had supported the terrorists among the separatists of Chechnya and Dagestan. This was why, Putin explained, he had to strike first. It was, he said, “self-defense.” + +Finally, after explaining how modern and advanced his nuclear arsenal was, he turned to the camera and added another threat. “And now a few important—very important—words for those who might be tempted to intervene in current events,” he said ominously. “Whosoever tries to get in our way, or to threaten our country, our people, must know that Russia’s response will be immediate and will bring about such consequences that you have never experienced before. We are ready for any developments. All decisions necessary for this have been made.” He paused and snarled, “I hope I will have been heard.” + +It was hard not to hear him: the president of Russia seemed to be threatening the U.S. and its allies with nuclear retaliation if they tried to get in his way in Ukraine. It was certainly one way of achieving his dream of a new Cold War—by provoking a nuclear stand-off in the 21st century. + +* * * + +###### Catch-22 + +Putin, as is now obvious, likes to talk about history. He likes to stretch and contort it to justify his actions, to ground his motivations. It’s why he insisted on starting his speech by describing events that had transpired thirty years earlier, even as his soldiers were invading Ukraine at that very moment. The thirtieth anniversary of the date of what he once called a “geopolitical catastrophe” had just come and gone: on December 25, 1991, when the red Soviet banner was taken down for the last time over the Kremlin and the unfamiliar Russian tricolor rose up in its place. A bankrupt country was split into fifteen new states because their leaders decided they wanted to be kings and not princes. As I [wrote](https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/21/the-end-of-the-end-of-the-cold-war-russia-putin-trump-cyberattacks/) several years ago, since those flags changed, Putin has been trying to renegotiate the terms of surrender, raging against this national humiliation just as another strongman, nearly a century earlier, raged against the humiliation of Versailles.  + +Putin invoked him, too, if not by name. It is notable that Putin signed the orders recognizing the Luhansk and Donetsk People’s Republics on February 22—02/22/2022—but held off going to war until the 24th, one day after Defenders of the Fatherland Day, commemorating the founding of the Red Army. In his speech today, Putin also mentioned another date carved into the mind of every Russian and Ukrainian: June 22, 1941, the day that Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. It was, Putin said, a cautionary tale. Until the last minute, “the Soviet Union tried every which way to prevent or just postpone the beginning of the war,” Putin explained. “To do this, it tried literally till the end not to provoke the potential aggressor, it didn’t undertake or postponed the most necessary and obvious actions to prepare for repelling the inescapable invasion.” In the end, the Soviet Union pushed back and defeated the Nazi invaders, “but at a colossal cost.” “We do not have the right,” Putin said, “to make such a mistake a second time.” + +I [wrote](https://puck.news/will-putin-get-his-world-war-iii/) earlier this week about how, to many observers, Putin’s actions are reminiscent of Hitler in 1939—a former officer, angry at Germany’s humiliation after it was on the losing side of World War I, using the pretext of protecting German speakers in Poland to overrun the country in a month. Putin, whose own _blitzkrieg_ is at this very moment destroying Ukraine ostensibly because Putin was asked to defend some Russian speakers, of course views this dynamic differently. Russia is the Soviet Union and Ukraine is Nazi Germany.  + +This is either exquisitely cynical or the height of insanity, though it is probably both. I’m reminded of another anniversary—Sunday, February 27, which will mark seven years since former prime minister and opposition leader **Boris Nemtsov** was assassinated under the Kremlin walls. Nemtsov had a talent for describing Putin, perhaps better than anyone. “He’s fucked in the head, this Vladimir Putin,” he once [told](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jjyt0Y6HoQ) a journalist, by way of explaining Putin’s position on Ukraine. “Just so you understand.” \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md b/00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a3eae61e --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison Aeon Essays.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Human", "Philosophy"] +Date: 2022-02-28 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://aeon.co/essays/reading-simone-de-beauvoirs-ethics-of-ambiguity-in-prison +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-ReadingdeBeauvoirEthicsofAmbiguityinprisonNSave + +  + +# Reading Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘Ethics of Ambiguity’ in prison | Aeon Essays + +My uncle Frank used to be locked up in one of the prisons where I teach philosophy. A couple of years ago, I asked him which cell he was in because I was excited at the thought of seeing it. He closed one eye as he tried to remember, and said he was on B Wing, on the third landing, and told me the number on his door. The next day, I stepped on to B Wing, but when I was walking up the stairs, the sound of a man banging on the inside of his cell door rattled me more than it usually did. I was used to the smells of industrial disinfectant, body odour and weed, but in that moment they became smothering. My head started to ache. I got off at the second landing, went to my classroom and opened the windows to let in some air. + +That experience could have been distracting were it not so common. Contradiction is a norm in my working day. + +In my classroom, the men’s gallows humour often makes me laugh and makes my stomach turn at the same time. I cannot tell if their jokes protect the soul or further brutalise it. + +On the wing, I meet people who have experienced so much abuse and pain in their early life, it’s hard not to think that when they committed their crimes they were merely being acted upon by their trauma. Yet I know that denying their agency altogether would only further dehumanise them. + +Once, I said to my class that I thought prisons did more harm than good, that they punished those who were most vulnerable, and that if we showed more care towards people who had committed crimes then we would see more people grow and change. A few of the men shook their heads. One of them said to me: ‘Prison has become too cushy. It should be tougher. Take people’s tellies away. Make them not want to come here.’ He and I looked at each other both thinking there was something the other couldn’t see. + +[Simone de Beauvoir](https://aeon.co/videos/im-against-all-forms-of-oppression-simone-de-beauvoir-in-her-own-words-from-1959) thought it was essential to embrace these sorts of tensions. In _The Ethics of Ambiguity_ (1947), she said that at each moment of our lives we are between a multitude of dualities. We are both mind and matter. We are sovereign individuals yet we have [commitments](https://aeon.co/ideas/simone-de-beauvoirs-political-philosophy-resonates-today) to our group. We are the product of our random luck as well as our [agency](https://aeon.co/essays/simone-de-beauvoirs-authentic-love-is-a-project-of-equals). One of the most crucial tensions for Beauvoir is the one between what she calls facticity and transcendence. Our facticity is the inescapable facts of our situation, such as our age, our familial history and the fact that one day we will die. Our transcendence is what we’re capable of [becoming](https://aeon.co/videos/simone-de-beauvoir-on-why-women-must-reject-the-feminine-to-become-free-and-equal) through our free will. Facticity is what is; transcendence is what is possible. + +Beauvoir says that, throughout the ages, philosophers have tried to collapse or nullify these dualities, by ignoring luck in order to preach agency, or denying facticity in the pursuit of transcendence, etc. She says that any ethical attitude based on this type of thinking is dishonest and therefore doomed to come undone. It’s not only philosophers who might try to eliminate tension. We are all prone to try to avoid, conquer, destroy or objectify the space of ambiguity. In the second section of the book, she explains the ways we do this by detailing a list of characters including those she calls the ‘sub-man’, ‘the serious man’ and ‘the nihilist’. Recently, I’ve been dipping into those pages while on my lunch break in my classroom and scribbling ‘Prison’ or the names of relatives who have been inside in the margins. + +Beauvoir’s allegory starts with the child, who innocently inherits the values of his group and is yet to have cause to anguish if the world really is the way he has been told it is. But the child encounters some contradiction that throws him into disorder. + +My family came from the East End of London where prison was not something extraordinary. The fact that someone had received a letter with their court date was no reason to turn the sound down on the telly. Anyone could be locked up if they were unlucky enough to get caught. When my brother was in the throes of his heroin addiction, it was heartbreaking each time he got arrested but, when he went to prison, that didn’t make him a bad person, it didn’t put him in a different category of human being. Crime wasn’t a matter of good versus evil. People regarded it with the same dreary fatalism that they did most of working-class existence. + +It was the mid-1990s. The war on drugs was escalating. The tabloids ran headlines about ‘junkie scum’ and this idea appealed to the section of the working class who wanted to signal their respectability – the ones who complained that prison was a ‘bed and breakfast’ while they had to work for their food, and who clapped when politicians announced tougher sentences. I saw people celebrating that people like my brother were locked up. + +I learned how much of the public’s impulse to justice was corrupted by poverty, ignorance, trauma and schadenfreude. When the now-defunct _News of the World_ printed the names, photographs and believed whereabouts of convicted paedophiles, 150 people rioted outside the flat of one man named in the newspaper. They overturned a random car on the street and set it on fire. Other people named in the paper were attacked too. Some were paedophiles, others merely shared the same name as a paedophile. I felt queasy when I switched on the television and saw that vigilantes had graffitied the word ‘paedo’ across the house of a paediatrician. I saw how people found retribution intoxicating. It was what Friedrich Nietzsche meant when in 1887 he wrote that ‘in punishment there is so much that is festive’. + +Most people think about prison the same way they think about sewers + +The number of people in prison was on its way to doubling. The centre-Left parties in both the UK and the US had taken a tough-on-crime approach to win voters from the Right. When they succeeded, it sent a message that there was no viable alternative to punitive populism. If you believed that we could achieve a more humane system, then you were ‘a dreamer’ who did not get ‘the people’. Today, we remember that time as a period of economic optimism but, as someone whose life was affected by the criminal justice system, it felt hopeless. + +When I was a teenager, we’d debate issues of crime and punishment at school. I’d slump in my chair as the conversation went on around me. Some believed in redemption. Others wanted to bring back the death penalty. When the teacher asked me what I thought, it was as though my voice was stuck to the very lowest part of myself. I was sunk in a kind of aphasia. I didn’t see what difference my words would make anyway. What could I say that could stop the festival of punishment? + +In those moments, I was what Beauvoir would call a sub-person: someone so defeated at discovering the larger world that they feel there’s no way to impose themselves onto it. Life has become a desert to them. Nothing sparks passion in them anymore. If you ask the sub-person whether they think forgiveness is better than revenge, or if facticity means more in life than transcendence, they will sigh and not say anything. They wish they could choose nothing. + +While the festival of punishment draws large numbers, most of the public are like the sub-person when it comes to the issue of prisons. The loudest group are those passionate for retribution, but the biggest group are those quietly apathetic. Most people think about prison the same way they think about sewers – a piece of infrastructure they benefit from, but that they would rather not dwell on for too long. Beauvoir says that, occasionally, the sub-person will take shelter behind those who have the passion that they don’t. In the morning, they will applaud the prison reformists; in the afternoon, they will jeer alongside those calling for tougher sentences; and in the evening, they will like an abolitionist’s post on their social media timeline. They do this with no worry for coherence, as the world is an incoherent wreck to them anyway and their only sincere plan is to return to their silence. + +You could describe such aphasia as the former New York police commissioner Bernard Kerik described his time in prison: it’s ‘like dying with your eyes open’. But while the prisoner has no choice but to endure his morbid deprivation, the sub-person will eventually realise that their negativity is unsustainable. The only real way to choose nothing would be to end one’s life, but I suspect that the sub-person is too apathetic to do that. They must attempt to live positively. + +The sub-person evolves into the serious person. Beauvoir describes the serious person as someone who believes they can overcome the ambiguities of existence by passionately losing themselves in a single ultimate value. They try to tame life’s dualities. They would assert that agency cancels luck, and they see no tension between facticity and transcendence because they have forgotten facticity in the pursuit of transcendence. + +A politician might be serious about law and order. I suspect my own seriousness is about the value of care. The carnival of punishment left me crying out for compassion. That was probably what was showing when I earnestly told the men in my class that I thought prison is cruel to the most vulnerable, before they shook their heads at me. Beauvoir would say that it’s not wrong to value order or care, but what is foolish is how the serious person values them absolutely. Serious people reveal their seriousness when they meet each other and both refuse to see value in either order or care, and won’t admit to any genuine tension between the two. + +It’s worth saying here that when Beauvoir asks us to stay alive to ambiguity, this is not her way of telling us to take the middle ground or a centrist position. She spends the second half of her book calling us to take radical action against all forms of oppression. But she is calling for a sophisticated radicalism that is not dishonest about existential ambiguity and doesn’t reduce existence to a single principle. + +You don’t need to be explicitly political or philosophical to be a serious person. Beauvoir says that the serious person can be serious about anything, be it science, fashion, nature, money, God, beauty, popularity, punishment or golf. It is not the object of their preoccupation that makes them serious, but rather the way they hold to it absolutely. When my uncle Frank was 15, the police caught him and his friend breaking into a shop, stealing jars of gobstoppers and other sweets. The police put Frank in the back seat of their car with an officer either side of him. They dropped the shop’s cash box in Frank’s lap, grabbed his wrists and tried to force his hands onto the box. They wanted his fingerprints on it to make it look as though he had been trying to steal money too. Frank clenched his fists. The two officers tried to prise open his hands, pulling at his thumbs and fingers. A few years later, Frank and his friends were running an outfit where they burgled warehouses and departments stores all across the country. His attitude was: ‘You think I’m a criminal. Well, I’ll show you a criminal.’ + +This person will sneer at those who want to dismantle prisons and sneer at those who build them + +Beauvoir says the serious person is dangerous, not only because they might rob 300 laptop computers out of a warehouse in the middle of the night, but because they relate to other people as abstractions in the name of their cause. The law-and-order politician will punish regardless of whether it helps reduce crime or not. When they see that reoffending rates are climbing, instead of admitting that their policies have multiplied the level of disorder, they insist on more police, more criminalisation and longer sentences. Like the idealogues that [Isaiah Berlin](https://aeon.co/essays/what-can-isaiah-berlin-tell-us-about-political-freedom-today) cautioned us against in 1959, the serious person believes that ‘If your desire to save mankind is serious, you must harden your heart, and not reckon the cost.’ + +The serious person who has made care their ultimate value might have an experience like the one I had when the men in my class told me prison should be tougher. Beauvoir says that this type of serious person then decides to ‘distinguish the real proletariat from a treacherous proletariat, or a misguided or unconscious or mystified one, \[but\] then it is no longer a flesh and blood proletariat that one is dealing with, but the idea of a proletariat, one of those ideas which Marx ridiculed.’ + +Eventually, the serious person learns that the world will not bend to their will. The people they punished still won’t behave. The ones they want to care for do not want to be cared for. Or, like my uncle, the serious person finds himself being released from prison for the sixth time. He wonders who he really is. He wishes that he never started trying to be the worst thing people thought he was. + +The serious person becomes disappointed. They ask themselves: ‘What’s the use?’ They are disillusioned for the second time in their life, but where the loss of their childhood innocence made them apathetic, this time there is great bitterness to their disappointment. Their seriousness turns in on itself. They have contempt for both order and care, for both criminality and its redemption. Since no singular value could save them from their existential ambiguity, they hate all values. Beauvoir calls this character the nihilist: someone who has the passion of the serious person, but expresses it in gloom and negativity. This person will sneer at those who want to dismantle prisons and sneer at those who build them. They will walk out of the prison gates thinking of how to end their own life. + +Today, I sometimes try to deal with the many tensions at play in issues of crime and punishment by seeing the politician and the reoffender, the vigilante and the paediatrician, and the caring teacher and the prisoner who doesn’t want to be cared for, each as if they were characters in a play. I imagine that, if a serious person were to write a play, all the characters would be straw men. The serious person would have no ear for dialogue. But a good writer would be able to understand both the hurts of the victim and the vicissitudes that lead the perpetrator to his crime. Nothing human would be foreign to the good writer. + +Where the sub-person is negative by apathy, and the nihilist is negative by their desire to destroy, I admire good writers for their negative capability – how they can suspend themselves in the space of paradox, tension and doubt. This is what I attempted to do when I wrote _The Life Inside_ (2021)_,_ my [memoir](https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/andy-west/the-life-inside/9781529032017) about going from visiting my family in prison to teaching philosophy in prison, and my reflections along the way. I tried to show the pluralities that exist both on the wing and within individual prisoners. I was inviting the reader to share in the painful messiness of that world, which I was myself was trying to work out. + +Ambiguity is embraced relationally, when one subjectivity encounters another + +While Beauvoir thinks that this kind of attitude is more evolved than the nihilist’s, she would say I had not quite given myself to ambiguity yet. She is critical of those who adopt ‘the aesthetic attitude’, who pretend they are disentangled from the world. A writer’s work allows her to inhabit many existential tensions, except for the one between herself and others. She lives ‘far from men’, as if she was ‘a pure beholding’. Her impersonal stance ‘equalises all situations; it apprehends them only in the indifference of their differences’. Life happens around her, as she is trapped in the role of chronic observer. A writer isn’t dealing with existence but with a defanged version of it on the page. + +For Beauvoir, the aesthetic attitude turns the world into an object, but ambiguity is embraced relationally, when one subjectivity encounters another. If you were to ask Beauvoir for an exhaustive account of how to live in ambiguity, she would say that was like asking a painter: ‘By what procedures does one produce a work whose beauty is guaranteed?’ There is no fixed recipe. It is our responsibility to try and find out for ourselves. + +This may leave us uneasy about how we should live our lives. But we should be reassured by our anxiety; it is a sign that we are more than just a serious person. ‘Morality,’ Beauvoir said, ‘resides in the painfulness of an indefinite questioning.’ + +One afternoon, when I was eight years old, I was sat next to my dad in his car with my arms crossed over my lap. We saw a police car in the next lane. I pointed at it and said: ‘Pigs.’ My dad laughed. I wondered if that meant he was going to be nice today. + +A few seconds later, the police pulled us over. My dad stepped out of the car. I felt a bubble of hope rising in my chest. I stared through the window at the handcuffs and baton on the officer’s belt. My dad was normally quick to anger and deft at manipulating his way out of the consequences, but now had to stand there and answer the officer’s questions. + +After a couple of minutes, the police let him go. My dad got back inside the car. He slammed the door. My shoulders tensed up. + +My dad had taught me to call the police ‘pigs’. Things were always easier if I did what he said. He had been in prison a few years before I was born, and was in trouble with the law on a number of occasions during the first part of my childhood, but didn’t end up doing time. When I was 12, I was living with my mum when I came home from school one day to find my dad had sent me a letter. I opened it. It said that his solicitor had informed him he would probably be going to prison again. I folded up the letter, had my dinner and went to bed. My relief was so profound that I fell asleep right away. + +What if he’d had the possibilities in his life that I have had because of his absence? + +I have not seen or spoken to him since. During certain experiences I’ve had over the past 20 years, I’ve felt again the relief that he was taken away; like when I got into university, or when I’ve opened my body to another person – experiences that would have been harder for me if my dad had stayed in my life for longer. + +Today, I lead a life that I could not imagine him living. I don’t drink, I see a psychoanalyst who regularly confounds my idea of who I am, and I’ve been in prison only with a set of keys on my belt to let myself out at the end of the day. I feel a lot of gratitude for living in a period and a milieu where, as a man, apologising isn’t a humiliation. I’ve received help from teachers who gave me ways to express myself other than violence. Working as a philosopher, I often meet and talk with people who are trying to reimagine masculinity. + +I sometimes think about how my dad never had these sorts of experiences. Some might say that was due to the failings of his character, but it’s also true that he was a working-class man born more than 70 years ago. I sometimes try to picture who he might have been if he’d had more education; if he had been economically mobile; if he didn’t feel inferior and threatened all the time. What if he’d been born 50 years later? What if he’d been able, either by opportunity or by disposition, to see a therapist? What if he’d had the possibilities in his life that I have had because of his absence? + +Recently, I was heading home from prison enjoying the simple sensation of walking and the sight of the sky unframed by the prison walls, when I found myself having these reflections about my dad once more. For a couple of seconds, he became blurry to me. I don’t mean I felt morally unclear about him. My body clearly remembered the fact of his crimes. Rather, it was as if his essence was smudged. I knew that he was who he was, but I also imagined how he could have ended up becoming someone else, if things had been different. I saw his possibility together with his tragic actuality. + +It was a strange sensation; painful, but also an opening to something bigger than pain. It felt fragile, as if it might disappear with a single thought. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/The Power of Emotional Honesty.md b/00.03 News/The Power of Emotional Honesty.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b4f545b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/The Power of Emotional Honesty.md @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Human", "Psychology", "Emotions"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://www.schlaf.co/emotional-honesty/ +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-ThePowerofEmotionalHonestyNSave + +  + +# The Power of Emotional Honesty + +When I was getting certified through the [International Coaching Federatio](https://coachingfederation.org/)n, I learned that coaching sessions are about the client and I should avoid talking about myself and my experience. When I began my training with the [Conscious Leadership Group](http://www.conscious.is/) last year, I learned a different and quite radical philosophy that resonated with me: it’s all about the coach and what we bring to a session—experiences, reactions, emotions, and thoughts. + +[Mirror neurons are](https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct05/mirror) a type of brain cell that responds equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action—this is why we tend to and imitate what we see and learn by example. In fact, the injection of Botox to smooth wrinkles in the face has been proven to [decrease a person’s ability to empathize](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/fashion/botox-reduces-the-ability-to-empathize-study-says.html), because they can’t mirror the facial expressions of others, suggesting that much of what we feel is outside-in. + +In my years of coaching, I saw first-hand how doing something myself could radically affect the ease with which a client understood it. I also learned that what clients brought to a session could radically affect me. It turns out both ICF and CLG were half-right: good coaching is about the client _and_ the coach equally, there is no one without the other. + +So here’s how I show up as a coach: as a human. I want my clients to see that I’m also subject to the human condition and full range of emotions such as fear, sadness, anger, joy, and sexual creative energy. This doesn’t mean taking up the session with my own business, but it does mean bringing my experiences and my emotions up when I think they can help. I’ll share what I’m thinking, feeling, or intuiting based on the context and flow of the conversation. I might say something to the effect of, “When you started talking about your board member I sensed anger in your voice and could feel a constriction in my body. What’s going on there?” Being forthcoming with my emotional state (which often means saying what’s happening in your body) increases connection and trust, which is the bedrock of any relationship. And by modeling specific behaviors and competencies, demonstrating what things like “honesty” look and sound like, I give them a reference point for a new way of being in the world. + +How many times have you sat in a meeting and felt something or had an intuition but decided to remain quiet? If you’re like me, that number is more than you can count. When you’re able to step out from behind the masks, your co-workers witness your whole self and you can leverage all of your gifts. Articulating what you’re feeling and thinking in the workplace has many benefits including stronger bonds, greater psychological safety (the ability to make mistakes and, therefore, take good risks), and enhanced creativity. Additionally, when you vocalize what you’re experiencing, you can begin to name and own your experience which can help you shift from a “to me” (victim) mentality to a “by me” (creator) mentality. Another benefit is focus. If there’s something on your mind–whether it’s work-related or not–just saying out loud what’s weighing on you can help relieve it of its power and the attention it commands, helping you concentrate on things you can control. When this happens, you’re able to release energy that would have otherwise been used bottling up these thoughts and feelings. Saying, “I’m feeling frustrated right now because I’ve sent you two emails and haven’t gotten a response,” can be impactful and cathartic. [Non-Violent Communication](https://medium.com/@eriktorenberg_/on-nonviolent-communication-33ca8c7ebfcb) is a great framework for this. + +When you step back and think about it, we know so little about each other. Even those we spend most of our time with can be complete mysteries, and whatever we are exposed to is just the tip of the iceberg. Everyone is always carrying something that we have no clue about. [The first Noble Truth](https://www.rickhanson.net/four-noble-truths-noble-truth-suffering/) in Buddhism acknowledges the presence of _dhukha,_ or suffering, as an inevitable, even central part of the human condition. Writer Brad Meltzer put it perfectly: “everyone you meet is fighting a battle you know nothing about.” Though practicing emotional honesty has many benefits for the practitioner, it is not selfish; above all, it shows the people around you that you’re someone they can trust with their own pain, confusion, joy, and celebration. + +Most of us, myself included, default to asking each other “how are you” as a way to connect with others. Let’s be honest, this isn’t even a real question. It’s a salutation masked as a rhetorical question. We’ve been programmed by countless interactions so we often don’t take the question literally. We’re used to responding quickly and then moving to the “agenda” or “purpose” of the conversation. We don’t even realize there’s another way to respond because we haven’t seen what a different response might look and sound like. That’s one of the many reasons why this question is often met with curt responses. In other words, it’s small talk, chitchat. + +Most people don’t practice emotional honesty for a variety of reasons. It can be scary to reveal yourself and to share what’s really going on in your life, at home and at work. You might be unsure how it might be received and what the other person will think of you or your situation. You might not want to create drama or conflict. Sometimes it’s just much easier to say “I’m crushing it” or “I’m good, thanks” and move to the next subject. It requires real energy to reveal one’s self. Additionally, becoming honest with yourself might surface some repressed or uncomfortable thoughts or feelings. Often, we don’t want to face what’s present even if there might be a payoff. Another reason might be that honesty might not be relevant to the conversation or you don’t feel safe with the person sitting across from you. Finally, it’s not always bad stuff we keep to ourselves—you might be hesitant to share good news because you don’t want to come across as boasting or one upping. + +I believe that more people might be willing to be emotionally honest if they had a language and a set of tools to help them begin to practice. The vast majority of people likely don’t even know where to start. I have some good news: I've gathered tools and strategies over the years from my training and practice as a coach that can help, and I'm sharing them below. + +In a [previous post](https://www.schlaf.co/meditation) I wrote about how meditation can help leaders tap into their emotional lives and become more present and aware of what’s going on for them. Some of the tools and frameworks below will help you recognize your emotional state, and go the extra step to articulate it and share with others, leading to richer connections and collaborations with your colleagues and loved ones. + +Being emotionally honest doesn't mean completely divulging everything you think and feel all the time, or every bad thing you've ever done or felt, it means acknowledging and owning your experience in a given moment. Start where you are. Remember there’s wisdom in what you’re willing to reveal and not reveal. Emotional honesty begins with you. + +Before you jump into these, keep in mind no one likes to be “practiced on” without consent or knowing the context. This not only applies to personal relationships but also to colleagues. Traveling to new emotional depths with others is a process that requires opt in and patience from everyone involved. I’ve learned this the hard way. If you want to try any of the exercises below, bring it up with your team or even share this essay with them. + +### Unarguables + +In my intensive training with CLG I learned about [unarguables](https://conscious.is/excercises-guides/speaking-unarguably): these are your body sensations, emotions, and thoughts in a given moment. The idea is that my current experience is _my_ truth—that which can not be argued. They are present within me. For many months, my CLG cohort started any interaction by naming our unarguables so we could build the muscle of emotional honesty and presence. Naming your unarguables is a powerful way to understand what you’re experiencing in this very moment; sharing them helps others understand you, trust you, support you, and bond. Unarguables was adapted from the concept of “[_microscopic truths_](https://hendricks.com/handout-microscopic-truth/)” by Gay and Katie Hendrix in their book [_Conscious Loving_](https://www.amazon.com/Conscious-Loving-Co-Commitment-Gay-Hendricks/dp/0553354116). + +Here’s how this applies to me in this moment: + +_Sensations: Tightness in my back and chest, constriction in my throat, warming in my body._ + +_Feelings: Anger and sadness._ + +_Thought: I can’t believe that person I respect stopped following me on Twitter._ + +An ideal way to get started is by practicing this alone throughout your day or while journaling. Ask yourself, “what sensations, feelings, and thoughts are present right now at this moment?” You can note or write down what you’re experiencing. You might be surprised by what surfaces. And don’t worry if you can’t feel sensations or name your thoughts. From my own experience, it takes time to develop emotional literacy and self awareness. You might find that [meditation](https://www.schlaf.co/meditation) can help. + +### Red, Yellow, Green + +Kicking off a meeting with a "personal check-in" is an effective way to get present and gauge how everyone is showing up. A "check-in" practice that I often use and recommend is called Red-Yellow-Green (RLG). + +I learned about RLG from one of my first coaches at [Reboot](http://www.reboot.io/). They developed this tool based on [Steven Porges’ work on Polyvagal Theory](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ec3AUMDjtKQ). I've introduced the practice to dozens of founders and clients since I became a coach. This format provides a simple framework and common language to kick off our sessions. + +Each participant has two minutes to check in with themselves and express to the group how they’re showing up: red, yellow, or green. + +_Red: I feel threatened. Systems are offline._ + +_Yellow: I feel stressed or in danger. Systems have a glitch._ + +_Green: I feel safe. Systems are online._ + +Their explanation might include the emotional state in which they’re entering the meeting; a brief update about life/work, like what’s distracting or concerning them; or the problem they’re hoping to solve in the meeting. + +I love this tool because it helps leaders articulate what’s going on and how they’re showing up using a simple construct. It’s easy to grasp, apply, and practice. When used in a team environment, it can create psychological safety, connection, and shared understanding—all ingredients for high performing teams. + +If you’d like to learn more about this framework, coach and former Etsy CEO [Chad Dickerson](https://twitter.com/chaddickerson) has [a solid primer](https://blog.chaddickerson.com/2019/01/30/the-magic-of-the-personal-check-in-red-yellow-green/). + +### Rose, Bud, Thorn + +My brother practices this simple exercise with his young daughters, and believes all adults should do this too since we’re all just big children! When starting a team meeting, try giving everyone a minute to reflect on their day or week, and ask them to share their rose, bud, and thorn:   + +_Rose: A highlight, success, small win, or something positive that happened._ + +_Bud: New ideas that have bloomed or something you are looking forward to._ + +_Thorn: A challenge you experienced or something you could use more help with._ + +Simple and effective. + +### If You Really Knew Me + +One of the tools [Challenge Day](https://www.challengeday.org/about/) is best known for is an activity called, “If you really knew me.” This is an intimate exercise and is often practiced in small groups. Each person has two to three minutes to complete the following prompt: “If you really knew me you would know that…” You’re encouraged to repeat the phrase until you run out of things to say. + +I start many of my conversations with other coaches and clients with this prompt, and it’s a powerful icebreaker for one-on-ones, team meetings, and workshops. [I recommend that co-founders use this](https://www.schlaf.co/cofounder/) when checking in with their business partners.   + +I’m often surprised by what surfaces when given this prompt—emotions, stories, withholdings, ideas, resentments, and much more. I’ve heard client’s admit to stealing, reveal guilt about how they handled a situation, and express elation over an achievement. When I listen to these stories, it always makes me wonder _how_ we’re able to keep so much bottled up, and what toll it takes on our health to do so. + +“If you really knew me…” can be intimidating, but remember: there’s no “right way” to complete this prompt. You can’t fuck it up. Not everyone will be comfortable revealing everything on their mind and might say something like, “If you really knew me you’d know I love to play music and sing.” Nothing wrong with that. Just having the space to contemplate and hear from others is illuminating and powerful. And the more you and the group are willing to reveal—which may happen over time—the more psychological safety and connection will be created. You never know what someone close to you might be carrying; this prompt helps to reveal our shared experience of emotional hardship. + +I’d like to model this so you can get a sense of what this might look like.   + +IYRKMYWK _on Saturday I spent an hour with my father in the hospital. He has advanced dementia and can’t form sentences anymore. When I walked into his room and he saw me and his face lit up. It was wonderful to see him despite how awful and disheveled he looked. I fed him Chinese food for dinner which was always his favorite. He was so happy. I showed him pictures of my family and told him that Tom Brady retired. I don’t think he even knows who Tom Brady is anymore. You would also know that he began to cry when I told him I had to leave. And so did I. I told him I loved him. We locked eyes many times that afternoon. It was painful, heartbreaking and cathartic. I wasn’t sure if this would be the last time I saw him. I hope not. Seeing your parents age really sucks. I’ve been thinking about my time with him over the past three days. I can’t get the images out of my head. If you really knew me you would know that I’m sad that my dad has declined so significantly and is nearing the end of his life._ + +### Ask Different Questions + +If you want to know how someone is doing and have them go off the script, ask them a different question. Here are fifteen useful and fun icebreakers and prompts to learn more about someone’s current experience, with thanks to my friends at [Parabol](https://www.parabol.co/resources/icebreaker-questions).   + +* What are you most excited about? +* What are you looking forward to? +* When were you at your best this week? +* What do you love right now? +* What are you struggling with? +* What are you worried about? +* What color describes you and your emotions today? +* If your emotions were described as the weather, what’s your current weather pattern? +* What do you wish people really knew about you? +* What has your attention today and why? +* What help do you need and why? +* If I could radically support you, what would you want? +* What’s the most difficult part of your job/life right now? +* If you had a magic wand, what would you change right now? +* What are you most proud of right now? Why? + +Some of these are meant to get to the heart of things while others are less scary and intimidating. Give each a try and see what kind of response you get. + +### Practice at Home + +While I model this behavior at work with my clients and collaborators, I also try to practice at home with my wife and elsewhere with friends I feel comfortable with. When I get home after a long day and my wife asks me how I’m doing, I try my best to share what I’m feeling and experiencing in that moment. There are countless other opportunities when I’m with her. When I say “I’m good” or don’t reveal what I’m experiencing, I miss an opportunity to let her know me better and create a stronger connection. Withholding too much can make other people feel isolated and unloved when you insist on protecting them from your thoughts and emotions. More often than not, your partner wants to be seen as trustworthy and capable of handling hard things and helping you. Expressing what you’re experiencing is a form of love. + +### “How Are You Really?” + +[Jerry Colonna](https://www.reboot.io/team/jerry-colonna/), the Co-Founder and CEO of [Reboot](https://www.reboot.io/), is famous in startup circles for asking “How are you doing?” quickly followed by,  “No, how are you _really_ doing?” That second question often elicits deep breaths, confessions, and even tears. Jerry and his clients are living proof that power lies in this question. When we slow down, come into presence and answer honestly, it allows us to more deeply connect with ourselves and another human being. + +There are a variety of benefits of answering this question honestly: more vulnerability means deeper connection and stronger trust. When you reveal yourself to another person they will lean in and gravitate towards you. You become less concerned with how your thoughts and feelings might inconvenience or bother others, and you stop trying to fit your feelings to what you imagine their needs are. + +Tips To Get Started +------------------- + +Here are some tips and nuggets of advice to keep in mind as you’re starting your own process and creating a deeper connection with yourself and others: + +* If you’re ever concerned about your mental health, [don’t hesitate to seek advice and help](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-mentally-strong-people-dont-do/202009/7-signs-you-should-talk-therapist). +* View this as a practice and a process—it takes time to cultivate this skill. +* Pick just one framework or tool and begin there. +* There’s no right or wrong, just what is present. +* Becoming emotionally honest begins with yourself. +* Download [Moodnotes](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/moodnotes-mood-tracker/id1019230398) and begin to track how you’re feeling throughout the day. +* You don’t have to reveal yourself to others until you are ready. +* Before practicing with others, share the context with them and get their consent. +* Start with someone you trust and feel safe with. +* Before sharing, slow down, close your eyes, breathe and see what’s present. +* Journal for 15 minutes with the prompt, “How am I really doing right now?” +* Tune into what you’re willing and not willing to reveal—there’s knowledge in both. + +The Path To Aliveness +--------------------- + +A few weeks ago, a VC I coach returned from a life-changing retreat. While he was away, he opened up and expressed himself in ways that he hadn’t before. In doing so he was able to connect with and relate to others on a deeper level. He came home with a desire to speak his truth and embrace a more authentic version of himself in all the contexts of his life. But he was unsure how to proceed, and afraid to reveal himself at work—he thought it may be perceived as inappropriate and others might not reciprocate. He was able to acknowledge that he was afraid, but I thought we could dig deeper.   + +When I hear clients express doubt or fear of any kind, I always try to get at what is creating that fear. So I asked him, “When you feel afraid about revealing more of yourself, what’s at threat—control, approval, or security?" + +“Definitely approval and security.” No hesitation. + +“What’s the worst thing that could happen if you showed up as your authentic self?” + +He took a breath and said, “Oh man…that I could be rejected.” + +“And then what would happen?” + +Under his breath, so quietly I could barely hear him, he said, “I guess I’d be all by myself.” + +His response made sense to me. I’ve [written about rejection](https://www.schlaf.co/rejection/) in the past. We’ve been wired over hundreds of millions of years to equate rejection with a lack of protection. When we feel like we don’t belong or are unloved, we believe our survival is at threat. + +After letting that sit for a minute, we explored his willingness to accept himself for wanting to belong and sourcing approval from others.     + +“What would be different if you could source your security and approval from within?” I asked + +“I’d be free to be myself,” he said, and smiled. + +My stated mission is to help leaders increase their consciousness and realize their full potential as humans. Without awareness, we’re unable to become self-generative. This term was defined by coach [Doug Sillsbee](https://presencebasedcoaching.com/doug-silsbee-legacy) as the capacity to be present and a learner in all of life in order to make choices from the inner state of greatest possible awareness and resourcefulness. By cultivating self awareness and self-generation capabilities, my clients are able to coach themselves in between sessions and long after our work together is finished. Once the real client in this story accepted himself and realized he could be his own source of approval, he felt free. Over time, he realized he _was_ free.That’s the power of emotional awareness and honesty. If this client can begin this practice, I’m confident you can too. + +Choosing to be more emotionally aware and honest is the path less traveled because it requires curiosity, courage, and patience. But all you need to get started is a willingness to slow down, check in with yourself and ask “what’s present right now?” + +So, how are you really doing right now? You can always let me know [here](https://www.schlaf.co/contact/). + +And if you’re still in doubt about whether emotional awareness and honesty are worth cultivating, I’ll leave you with this quote from Carl Jung: + +> “Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate.” \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power.md b/00.03 News/The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce35ff40 --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power.md @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Politics", "Afghanistan", "Taliban"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/02/28/the-taliban-confront-the-realities-of-power-afghanistan +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-TheTalibanConfronttheRealitiesPowerNSave + +  + +# The Taliban Confront the Realities of Power + +For fifteen years, Zabihullah Mujahid was the Tokyo Rose of the Taliban: a clandestine operative who called reporters to claim responsibility for his fighters’ attacks and to exult in their victories. Sometimes the victims were American soldiers or their coalition allies. Sometimes they were Afghan government troops. Often, civilians were killed. For reporters, Mujahid was a kind of phantom, a disembodied voice on the phone. No one ever saw his face, and, when one journalist claimed to have encountered him, Mujahid fiercely denied it. But he seemed to talk to everyone, all the time, and a rumor spread to explain his output: Zabihullah Mujahid was a composite identity, assumed by a rotating group of Talibs, who perhaps weren’t even living in Afghanistan. He denied this, too. + +Last summer, Mujahid appeared in public for the first time. After years of steady gains in the countryside, the Taliban had swarmed into Kabul, as President Ashraf Ghani fled to Abu Dhabi. While the Taliban asserted their authority, Mujahid held a press conference to announce that he was the new government’s acting Deputy Minister of Information and Culture. With the fall of Kabul, he had been transformed from the covert spokesman of a long-running insurgency to the face of a national administration. He was, it turned out, a lean, sharp-featured man in middle age. + +In September, after the U.S. military’s last humanitarian-evacuation flight left the Kabul airport, Mujahid introduced the interim government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. This was the same name that the Taliban had adopted during their previous stint in power, a brutal period that extended from 1996 to 2001. But Mujahid offered a vision of a more ecumenical Afghanistan, with an “inclusive” government that protected the rights of women and ethnic minorities. He maintained that the Taliban weren’t after revenge, and would offer amnesty to their former enemies. This was hard to believe. A few weeks earlier, Mujahid had issued a press release rejoicing in the assassination of the previous government’s spokesman, a man named Dawa Khan Menapal. He didn’t say what his predecessor’s offense was, only that he had been “punished for his misdeeds, killed in a special operation carried out by the mujahideen.” + +One December evening, I met with Mujahid in an unheated corner office at the Afghan Media and Information Center, the mostly empty ministry that he now ran. Wearing a black turban with white stripes, he sat very still, his eyes watchful. + +[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a23902) + +“I would work from home, but I don’t want my kids to see all the screen time I get.” + +Cartoon by Amy Hwang + +I asked how his new position compared with his old one. “In the past, it was a military situation, and it wasn’t very pleasant,” he said. “We had to announce how many people were killed. That in itself was painful. The second really painful aspect was the civilian casualties. We had to gather information and publish it. It was heartbreaking. It is three months now that we do not have such heartbreaking news.” + +The Taliban had achieved an astonishing victory: after years of guerrilla warfare, they had seized power from an established government backed by some of the world’s best-equipped militaries. Afghanistan is now in the hands of an insurgent force, fervently committed to bringing about a truly Islamic state. The country seems to be at the beginning of a revolution just as sweeping as the Communist victory that remade China in the nineteen-forties, or the Islamist takeover of Iran in 1979. But, when I asked Mujahid if the Taliban were imposing a revolution, he seemed taken aback. “This is a soft revolution,” he said. “Revolutions are sharp and problematic, causing bloodshed, destruction of foundations. That is not what has happened.” He added, “This was a change that was needed. We fought for twenty years to free Afghanistan from the foreigners, so that the Afghans would have a government of their choice.” Now that the Americans were gone, Mujahid suggested, Afghanistan could begin anew. “The foreign forces were the cause of the casualties, and when they left the war ended,” he said. “There were also some authorities who were pocketing the public wealth. They were corrupt. The country is free of them, and now we will try to lead the country toward a positive change.” + +During several weeks I spent talking with Taliban officials, they all expressed a desire for good relations with the United States. Some even argued that the U.S. should reopen its embassy and lead international efforts to rebuild Afghanistan. But had the Taliban really changed, or were they just saying what they needed to say in order to stabilize the economy and keep themselves in power? Until August, some eighty per cent of the Afghan government’s budget had come from the United States, its partners, and international lenders. That support had disappeared. The Biden Administration also froze all Afghan government funds in U.S. banks—some seven billion dollars. The Afghan banking system, without access to overseas assets, risks collapse. “Our message to the world, especially to the American public and the American politicians, is that they should choose a different path, different from the path of war,” Mujahid told me. “Sanctions, pressures, and threats have not resulted in anything positive in the past twenty years. We can go forward through positive interactions.” + +The Taliban seemed assured that their victory allowed them to reshape the story of the country’s future, and of its past. I asked Mujahid if he felt any regrets over the killing of his predecessor. “You mean Dawa Khan Menapal?” he said, and laughed, for the first time in our talk. He waved his hands dismissively. “It was war,” he said. The Americans had tried to kill him “more than ten times,” he claimed. “I was just a spokesman, too. Was _I_ a justifiable target?” + +At a traffic circle in Kabul, I came upon a man selling white satin Taliban flags, bearing the invocation “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger.” Until August, he had been a soldier in the Afghan Army, he told me. Since the government had dissolved, and the Army with it, he had turned to selling the flags. He smiled and cupped his hands in the air, as if to say, “It’s a living.” + +To most of the Taliban, Kabul is terra incognita—a cosmopolitan enclave in an otherwise rural, and deeply traditional, country. To the city’s residents, the Taliban are interlopers, as out of place as Texas militiamen on the Upper West Side. Three months after the takeover, the residents of Kabul were uneasily adapting to the new reality. Just about all the foreigners had left the country, but the Taliban were ubiquitous, manning roadblocks and access points, riding in Humvees and pickup trucks with guns at the ready. Some kept their hair long and wore the traditional shalwar kameez—occasionally in incongruously bright blues, oranges, or yellows—with their eyes lined with black kohl. Others borrowed the style of U.S. Special Forces, wearing camouflage uniforms, boots, and wraparound sunglasses, and carrying weapons left behind by American troops. For the most part, the civilians pretended the Talibs weren’t there. + +In 2001, when the American-led invasion forced out the Taliban, the Afghan capital was a forlorn place, much of it in ruins after more than two decades of Soviet occupation and civil war. By the following spring, it had begun to revive, as more than a million refugees returned from abroad. Since then, Kabul’s estimated population has nearly doubled, to almost five million; the country has grown from some twenty-one million citizens to forty million. The median age is just eighteen. + +[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a23894) + +“Bad news—the rats are subletting to cockroaches.” + +Cartoon by Will McPhail + +Kabul is now a bustling commercial city, with new apartment buildings rising above the skyline. Its endemic inequities remain: there are beggars in the streets, and the slums on the surrounding hills have expanded. But there are gaudy wedding palaces and dress shops for the middle class, along with pool halls, gyms, and hairdressers for young men. Billboards advertise a startling variety of imported energy drinks. + +In the nineties, the Taliban forced Afghans to conform to their stringent interpretation of Islam. Violators could have limbs amputated, or be publicly stoned to death. Women were made to wear all-concealing burqas and prevented from holding jobs or attending school. Morality commissars hunted down graven images; in shops, men with markers blacked out illustrations on packages of baby soap. Even road-crossing signs for livestock were painted over. + +The current residents of Kabul clearly feared that the terror of those days would return. But, aside from a few incidents, the Taliban had subjected them to little visible repression. Signs on dress shops still showed Bollywood-style images of glamorous women, which in the nineties would have brought their proprietors a beating, or worse. The battle over graven images was effectively lost: just about everyone has a smartphone, with access to Instagram. Although women and girls had been provisionally banished from workplaces and high schools, they were still out on the streets. All wore head scarves, but few had on burqas. Some even wore makeup, without evident harassment from soldiers. + +One afternoon, I spoke about the new regime with Sayed Hamed Gailani, a prominent former politician and an astute observer of his country. We met at his home, in a wealthy section of Kabul, where a servant brought fresh pomegranate juice and pastries on delicate porcelain plates. Gailani, a onetime mujahideen fighter against the Soviets, is now a rotund, urbane man in his sixties. His father was Pir Sayed Gailani, a Sufi spiritual leader who also controlled a mujahideen faction—known, in tribute to its leader’s elegant taste, as the Gucci Muj. When I mentioned it to Gailani, he laughed good-naturedly and said, “I must point out that my father much preferred Hermès.” + +Gailani was among a handful of politically connected Afghans who had remained in the country after President Ghani fled, hoping to persuade both the Taliban and the international community that there was a viable way forward. He didn’t pretend that the conflict was over in Afghanistan. “I don’t think my life will be long enough to see the end of this drama,” he said, laughing. “It’s like one of those Turkish TV series that never end.” But he professed guarded optimism. Unlike most revolutionaries, he argued, the Talibs had not killed a lot of people in their return to power; they had behaved themselves this time. When the Taliban seized power twenty-five years ago, he said, “you couldn’t go out without a beard, and the women couldn’t leave the house.” But, he suggested, the reason the Taliban hadn’t moved faster to reshape the country was that Ghani’s flight and the quick fall of Kabul had taken them by surprise. “They weren’t really ready for it,” Gailani said. “They still have problems to work out among themselves.” + +Near Kabul’s Bird Market, an ancient bazaar where poultry, fighting birds, and songbirds are sold, is a twenty-foot obelisk, topped with a red clenched fist. It was erected in honor of Farkhunda Malikzada, a young woman who was beaten and burned to death by a jeering mob of men in 2015, after being falsely accused of burning a Quran. + +The question of women’s rights is perhaps the greatest unresolved issue in the new Afghanistan. After taking power, the Taliban leadership announced that girls up to the sixth grade could resume schooling, but for the most part older girls had to wait until “conditions” were right. When I talked with Mujahid, the spokesman, he was vague about what those conditions were, and about whether women would be allowed to work. The impediment was funding, he said. “For education and work, women need to have separate spaces,” he explained primly. “They would also require special separate means of transportation.” But, he added, “the banks are closed, the money is frozen.” + +On the outskirts of Herat, people displaced by drought and joblessness have gathered in makeshift camps. + +Mujahid didn’t answer when I asked about plans for women in government. Instead, he pointed out that there were still women working in various ministries, including health, education, and the interior, and also at the airports and in the courts. “Wherever they are needed, they come to work,” he insisted. + +But some of these women were being forced to sign in at their jobs and then go home, to create the illusion of equity. The Taliban had also closed the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, which was created soon after the U.S. invasion; the building was repurposed as the new headquarters of the religious police, the Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. In September, on the day that Mujahid announced the new government, a group of women gathered on the street to protest. Taliban fighters pushed their way into the crowd, striking some of the demonstrators and firing weapons into the air. + +Senior Taliban officials tended to deflect concerns about the future of women in Afghanistan. When I asked Suhail Shaheen, the Taliban nominee for Ambassador to the U.N., whether his government would allow women in schools and in the workplace, he shot back, “If the West really cares about girls, they should attend to their poverty. Sanctions are punishing the fifteen million girls in this country.” + +Shaheen was in Kabul, rather than at the U.N. headquarters, in New York, because the Taliban regime has not been granted diplomatic recognition. I met him in the garden of the Serena Hotel, an old haunt of journalists and politicians. Shaheen was happy to talk about America’s failings but grew testy when pressed on sensitive matters. I asked about the Hazaras, a predominantly Shiite minority that has historically been persecuted by the Taliban, who are mostly Sunnis from the Pashtun ethnic majority. Shaheen replied that the new government had no intention of harming them. I noted that, in the nineties, his comrades had slaughtered thousands of Hazaras, whom they regarded as apostates. He stared stonily at me. Finally, he said, “The Hazara Shia for us are also Muslim. We believe we are one, like flowers in a garden. The more flowers, the more beautiful.” He went on, “We have started a new page. We do not want to be entangled with the past.” + +Despite the talk of inclusion, the highest ranks of the Taliban government initially contained no Hazaras, and no women. In late September, amid international criticism, the Talibs added an ethnic Hazara, as the deputy health minister, and an ethnic Tajik, as the deputy trade minister. The additions struck many Afghans as tokenism. As an adviser to the Taliban told me, “Calling their government inclusive is not a help—because it’s _not_.” + +The government is also said to be profoundly divided. On one side is the Kandahar faction, named for the southern city where the late Mullah Mohammed Omar founded the Taliban. It includes the country’s Supreme Leader, an enigmatic scholar of Islam named Mawlawi Haibatullah Akhundzada, and the acting defense minister, Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob, who is Mullah Omar’s son. Its public face is Abdul Ghani Baradar, the acting Deputy Prime Minister, who played a crucial role in negotiations with the Americans. + +On the other side is the Haqqani network, a clan of militants closely linked to Pakistan’s secret services. Where the Kandahar faction began as an insular, rural force, primarily concerned with ruling its home turf, the Haqqanis were interested in global jihad. It was the clan’s founder, the late Jalaluddin Haqqani, who connected the Taliban with Osama bin Laden. For some members of the Kandahar faction, this is a kind of original sin in modern Afghan history—a crucial miscalculation that led to the attacks of September 11th and to the foreign intervention that forced the Taliban from power. + +The Haqqanis led the military takeover of Kabul this summer, and their leader, Sirajuddin Haqqani, is the acting interior minister. The U.S. government has offered a ten-million-dollar bounty for Haqqani’s arrest, in connection with a series of terror attacks. One occurred in 2008 at the Serena Hotel, where I’d met Shaheen; a U.S. citizen and five other people were killed. Haqqani is thought to be responsible for at least two other hotel attacks, and for two attacks on the Indian Embassy, in which dozens of people died. He and his clan now control a preponderance of security positions in Afghanistan. As interior minister, he has authority over the police and the intelligence services. His uncle Khalil Haqqani, who is also wanted for terrorism, leads the Ministry of Refugees. Élite Haqqani commandos run military bases in and around Kabul. + +Mawlawi Mohammad Salim Saad, a former head of suicide bombers, is in charge of security at the Kabul airport. I met him one evening at his office, surrounded by a dozen of his men. They had just come from their prayers, and Saad, a tall, severe-looking man, told me that he was fasting. When I asked how he had felt sending men to their deaths, he said, “You should ask what it is that makes people become willing to give up their lives. These were oppressed people, willing to sacrifice themselves against a much larger army.” + +For the Haqqani faction, it was the suicide missions and other “complex attacks” that secured victory over the foreign occupiers. For Baradar, the war was won at the negotiating table, where Trump’s envoys agreed to lenient terms for a withdrawal. I asked Shaheen, the diplomat, “Are there two Talibans?” Shaking his head, he said, “There is _one_ Taliban. They have different viewpoints and different angles on how to proceed, but there is one Islam.” Mujahid went further, insisting, “There is no Haqqani network.” + +The government remains opaque to many Afghans: its major figures, after decades as secretive insurgents, avoid appearing in public. The Supreme Leader has never been seen. The single known image of Sirajuddin Haqqani is a silhouette. Officials like Yaqoob, the defense minister, typically appear in carefully controlled videos. Among the top leaders, the most familiar face belongs to the acting Prime Minister, Mullah Mohammad Hassan Akhund. He was the Taliban’s foreign minister in the nineties, and remains under sanction by the U.N. Security Council. + +The rumors of internal conflict persist. In mid-September, Baradar vanished from view, as reports circulated that he had been wounded in a brawl with Haqqani men at the Presidential palace. The fight was ostensibly set off by a dispute over which faction had done more to secure Kabul. Baradar, after an absence of several days, released a video denying the reports; his office explained that he had travelled to Kandahar, because he needed “rest.” + +During my visit, I went to Wardak, a rural province west of Kabul. It was one of the last major battlefields in the country; many of its villages had been partly destroyed, and the crude stone graves of war dead were everywhere, marked with martyrs’ flags. As we drove through a roadside village, there was a commotion just ahead of us: gunmen were yelling and waving their weapons as frightened civilians hustled past them. An elderly man explained that the Taliban were having an armed standoff. No one seemed to know what the men were fighting over; it was just another fight. + +In Kabul, street markets have sprung up, where desperate people sell off their possessions, everything from rugs and heaters to pet birds. There are beggars everywhere: young children, elderly women, men pulling carts from straps around their foreheads. On the city’s outskirts, women in burqas sit in the middle of the road with their children around them, hoping that people in passing cars will toss them some food or some money. + +Without financial backing from the U.S. and from international lending institutions, Afghanistan’s economy has all but evaporated. Hundreds of thousands of government employees have not received a salary for months. In the cities, there is food for sale in the bazaars, but prices have risen so steeply that Afghans find it difficult to sustain their families. In the countryside, drought has caused widespread hunger, worsening during the cold winter months. The U.N. World Food Program country director, Mary Ellen McGroarty, told me that the situation was dire. “22.8 million Afghans are already severely food-insecure, and seven million of them are one step away from famine,” she said. “You have the drought banging into the economic crisis, and it’s been one of the worst droughts in thirty years.” She concluded, “If this trajectory continues, ninety-five per cent of the Afghan population will fall below the poverty line by mid-2022. It’s just devastating to watch. If I were an Afghan, I’d flee.” + +As the economic crisis intensifies, there is a threat of deepening anti-Western resentment among citizens. In a curious reversal, Taliban officials I met with often made overtures of friendship with the U.S., while former U.S. allies expressed bitterness about America’s failure in their country. Gailani recalled warmly how President George W. Bush had invited him to the 2006 State of the Union address and told him, during a photo op, “Hamed, buddy, we’re proud of you!” But he was shocked at the money that the U.S. had expended in Afghanistan. “They say as much as two and a half _trillion_ dollars was spent here since 2001,” he said. “No doubt some great things were achieved in Afghanistan in that time, but you don’t see any big changes in the country’s infrastructure, do you?” Gailani shook his head. “The fact is, most of the money that supposedly came to Afghanistan—probably eight and a half dollars out of every ten—went back to the U.S., and meanwhile the corruption here was out of control. Afghan society became corrupted, and it was that corruption which brought about this day, with the Taliban back in power.” With a smile, Gailani said, “The Americans spent two and a half trillion dollars to clear this country from the Taliban, only to give it back to them again. I will go to my grave trying to figure out this riddle.” + +Hamid Karzai, who served as President from 2004 to 2014, was also deeply critical of America’s occupation. He received me in his private library, in a residential compound in Kabul. It is surrounded by high concrete blast walls and situated in the Green Zone, a highly fortified area around the former U.S. Embassy. + +An elegant, ceremonious man, Karzai urged green tea on me and spoke about poetry. He especially loved Emerson. Kipling was fine, except for “White Man’s Burden,” he said, shaking his head. In a marvelling tone, Karzai mentioned that he had been “greatly impressed” by the poem Amanda Gorman had recited at Biden’s Inauguration. + +Karzai would not have been President without U.S. support, but while in office he became increasingly frustrated by America’s counter-insurgency tactics. In 2013, he visited Washington and, in a tense meeting with Obama in the Oval Office, raised the issue of civilian casualties. Karzai told me that he had shown Obama a gruesome photograph: an American soldier stood with his boot on an elderly Afghan man’s severed hand, while a terrified woman and children looked on. “I asked Obama, ‘How can you expect me to be your ally and to go along with such actions when I am the Afghan President and am supposed to protect my people?’ ” Karzai waved his arms in a wide arc: “And here we are.” + +Karzai’s government, built on uneasy alliances, accommodated a range of aggressive warlords and corrupt officials. Hoping to end the war, he made strenuous efforts to start a dialogue with the Taliban. These had served mostly to compound his image as a hapless leader, trapped in a toxic relationship with his American patrons, but he hadn’t given up. “I’ve been saying for years that the Taliban are our brothers,” he told me. “Let’s work together for a common future.” + +Karzai’s status in the new Afghanistan is tenuous; he is not in power, but neither is he entirely out. A well-connected Afghan suggested that Karzai was a “sort of hostage” of the Taliban, who had prevented him from leaving because they needed him as an interlocutor with the West. (Karzai and Mujahid both deny this.) Karzai had reason to be wary of the new government. Sirajuddin Haqqani had once tried to assassinate him. But Karzai told me that he had been meeting regularly with Taliban ministers, and insisted that they had “an absolute conviction that the government needs to be inclusive.” He emphasized that Afghan society had changed in the previous two decades. “There were downsides to the American experience, but there were positives, too,” he said. He mentioned increased education, especially among women, and the improved roads. + +The question of how Afghanistan would be governed remained open, he conceded. A provisional constitution had to be enacted; a commission would then draft a permanent constitution and submit it to a national _loya jirga_, or grand council. “The future state should present the will of the people,” Karzai said. “I will be pushing for a democracy, of course.” He laughed. “But there will be those who oppose it, who will say, ‘Look at the sham of a democracy that was here before.’ ” + +On a road east of Kabul is Camp Phoenix, a military base erected by the U.S. In 2014, the Americans handed it over to the Afghan military, and it was turned into a rehabilitation center for a burgeoning population of drug addicts. The Taliban, during their first tenure, virtually stamped out opium-poppy cultivation. But, after the Americans invaded, several prominent warlords allied with the U.S. reportedly became involved in the heroin trade. Opium farming expanded hugely, and Afghanistan reëmerged as the world’s primary supplier. There are now believed to be more than three million addicts in the country. + +When the Taliban returned in August, about a thousand addicts were housed on the former base, where a six-week rehabilitation program had been instituted under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Health. By December, the Talibs had picked up some two thousand more on the street and brought them to the center. But the program’s staff, like other civil servants in Afghanistan, had not been paid for months. There was no budget for food, and the patients were starving. + +I toured the center with a young social worker named Mohammad Sabir. The patients, most of them wearing dirty hospital smocks, were shuffling around the grounds, or sprawled in an unkempt yard. All were painfully thin. Many pantomimed hunger, rubbing their bellies or gesturing as if eating an imaginary meal. + +Sabir acknowledged that the only food the camp had was what remained in its stores from before the government fell. The patients were given a cup of watered-down milk and a piece of naan for breakfast, rice for lunch, and beans and a half-piece of naan for dinner. As we approached a garbage bin, Sabir chased away a man who was scrounging for food. “Two nights ago, they ate the camp cat,” he said. “They tore it apart and ate it raw.” + +In the yard, one man was carrying another on his back. They were Amanullah and Abdul Rahman, two friends in their early thirties. They had grown up in the farm country near Kunduz, and had joined the Afghan Army when they were in their late teens. Amanullah explained that he was being carried because he had lost a leg when he stepped on a mine in Helmand. Abdul Rahman’s arm had been wounded in the same explosion; he wore a metal vise, with pins going into his humerus. They had both started using heroin to ease their pain. + +Abdul Rahman sat by silently, wearing a vacant look. Amanullah told me that the explosion had affected his friend: “He was different before.” Amanullah said that his greatest wish was to return to his wife and three children. He believed that his addiction was cured, and he was determined never to use heroin again. In his hand, he carried what remained of a broken prosthesis. Holding it up, he declared, “I am still ready to sacrifice for my country.” + +Many Taliban I spoke to suggested that the viciousness of the war was an inevitable response to the presence of foreigners. One senior leader complained, “When there were forty-five countries present in Afghanistan, and hundreds of people were being killed a day, that was called security.” Now that the Taliban were in charge, he argued, there was no need for further unrest. “Not one person a day is killed,” he said, without apparent irony. “Is this not called security?” + +In some ways, though, the Taliban’s rejection of the previous order has increased the chaos in Afghanistan. On the day that they took Kabul, they opened the gates of the city’s main prison, at Pul-e-Charkhi, and of Bagram prison, on a former U.S. airbase outside the capital. More than twelve thousand inmates rushed out. They included senior leaders of Al Qaeda and at least a thousand members of IS-K, the Afghan affiliate of _ISIS_. On August 26th, one of the IS-K fighters blew himself up outside the gates of the Kabul airport, killing thirteen American soldiers and nearly two hundred Afghans seeking evacuation. + +During my visit, there were “sticky bomb” explosions every few days in Kabul: bombs attached to a magnet were slapped onto the exterior of a car and set off with a signal from a cell phone. I came upon the site of an attack just a few blocks from the police headquarters. The bombed vehicle had been removed, and Taliban were directing traffic around strewn debris and a large scorch mark in the road. Down the street, gunmen moved in pairs, scanning rooftops and searching in alleyways. The civilians passing by kept their eyes averted, determined not to reveal any interest. + +The sticky-bomb attacks were reported on social media, but with no information about who had carried them out or why. Last summer, IS-K claimed responsibility for two such attacks on vans carrying Shiite “disbelievers.” The group has slaughtered hundreds of Shiites, in schools, hospitals, and mosques. It has also targeted the Taliban, whose members it regards as apostates. Not long after the fall of Kabul, Zabihullah Mujahid, the spokesman, held a wake for his mother, who had died of an illness. While he and other officials were at the mosque, an IS-K suicide bomber struck. Mujahid survived, but several people were killed and many others were wounded—victims of the kind of attack that he had once applauded. + +Taliban officials mostly brushed aside the dangers of IS-K. At a military base in Logar, a strategic hill town outside Kabul, a senior Haqqani commander named Mawlawi Deen Shah Mokhbit assured me that IS-K had “already been defeated, by God.” In the manner of someone unused to being interrupted, he intoned, “When we were fighting the Americans and their Afghan mercenaries and slaves, doing jihad against them, we were also fighting the Daesh, the Khawarij”—those who fight other Muslims in the name of Islam. “But God defeated them, God obliterated and finished them.” Noting that the country had endured forty years of war, Mokhbit added a caveat: “Afghanistan is full of weapons and of people who grew up in war, so there may be small incidents. But they cannot pose a threat to our nation and system of government.” As we talked, a bodyguard stood at his side, staring at me with a finger on the trigger of his weapon. At the end of the interview, Mokhbit, evidently in an abundance of caution, ordered a group of his gunmen to escort me down the mountainside. About halfway, they handed me off to another armed convoy, who accompanied me to the edge of the city. + +In large swaths of the countryside, as the Taliban took territory in the past decade they became a kind of shadow government. The Talibs were popular among some locals; they were, after all, sons of the same soil. As the Americans withdrew, many people surrendered to the Taliban without a fight—some of them motivated by survival, others by genuine affinity. In the town of Bamiyan, eighty miles west of Kabul, the new governor, Mullah Abdullah Sarhadi, told me that he had taken the territory peacefully. “There was no fighting, praise be to God,” he said. + +In Bamiyan, the Taliban occupy a fortified complex on a high hilltop. Governor Sarhadi, a spare-looking man with a gray beard, wore a black turban and a short umber shawl, called a _patou_. He told me that he had joined the jihad during the Soviet invasion, and had been a fighter ever since. “I have many scars on my body,” he said. He had lost an eye in a firefight outside Kabul, he explained: a bullet had entered his head and come out through his eye socket. + +Outside the governor’s office in Herat is a kind of coat check, where visitors can leave their weapons. + +In 2001, during the Taliban’s last stand, at Kunduz, Sarhadi had been taken prisoner, and militiamen had locked him in an airless shipping container, along with hundreds of other fighters. Many asphyxiated, but Sarhadi was saved by a fluke: his captors fired into the container, and he survived by breathing through the bullet holes. Afterward, he was handed over to the Americans and held for four years in Guantánamo. Following his release, he returned to the battlefield and was captured again; he spent eight more years in prison, this time in Pakistan. + +In Bamiyan, though, he and his men felt at home. “We have no concerns,” he told me. “This is part of our nation, and we all belong to the same nation.” He had been there before the Americans came, he said, and it had been fine then, too. + +This was a strikingly revisionist view. If there is a single place that embodies the Taliban’s abuses, it is Bamiyan. The small town, set in a beautiful mountain valley, is inhabited mostly by Hazaras. Distinguished by their Mongol features, the Hazaras are said to be descendants of Genghis Khan’s army, which invaded in the thirteenth century. + +Many Hazaras live in caves hewed into the valley’s vast wall of sandstone cliffs. The caves were first excavated by Buddhist hermits—monks who had made their way along the ancient Silk Road, which connected China with the Middle East and Europe. About fifteen hundred years ago, the monks carved two statues of the Buddha, each as big as a jetliner, into the porous stone. + +The Bamiyan Buddhas became Afghanistan’s greatest tourist attraction. But, in 2001, Mullah Omar decreed that they were un-Islamic idols and had to be destroyed. As archeologists and world leaders pleaded for restraint, militants demolished the statues with explosives and artillery. Around the same time, Taliban entered the Kabul Museum and took sledgehammers and axes to thousands of years’ worth of artifacts. On my recent visit, when I brought this up with officials in Kabul, they generally tried to change the subject. + +Sarhadi had been in Bamiyan when the Buddhas were destroyed, and I asked if he thought that it had been a mistake. His aides looked upset, but he waved a hand dismissively. “This was a decision by the leadership,” he said. “Whatever the leaders and the emirs of the Islamic Emirate decide, we follow.” + +According to reports, Sarhadi was also linked to killings of Hazaras, including a massacre in 2001 that Amnesty International said took the lives of “over three hundred unarmed men and a number of civilian women and children.” Sarhadi denied any involvement. His aides protested that I had no right to question him. “Have you ever asked officials in the West about the atrocities they have committed in the Islamic world?” one asked. Sarhadi added that the West had nothing to teach Muslim countries about human rights. “We challenge the whole world!” he said. “In Islam, even when you slaughter a sheep, the first condition is that you should not sharpen your knife in front of it, and the second condition is that the knife should be very sharp, so that the sheep does not suffer.” + +Sarhadi told me that he had brought peace to the area. “By the grace of God, there are no problems now, and there will be none in the future,” he said. If I wanted to know how the local people felt about his leadership, he said, I should go ask them: “We serve the people day and night.” + +Later that day, I met some of the local people. Near the base of the cliff where the Buddhas once stood, some young men had dug a hole and set a fire to bake potatoes. There was no work, they explained, and so they were trying to stave off hunger. + +At the great gash where the smaller Buddha had been, I found Hazara men and boys staring into the dark recess. They explained that they had come from a neighboring province, after hearing that the new authorities were handing out food coupons. At the governor’s compound, they had joined a crowd that gathered to plead for help. The Taliban guards had said that they had nothing to give, and ordered them to leave. + +The Hazaras decided that, before returning home, they would visit the site of the Buddhas. They had never seen them, and now they had come too late. I asked what they thought about their destruction. The oldest man said, cautiously, that he thought it was a pity, since the statues had been “a part of history.” When I asked what he thought about the Taliban, he looked away, pretending not to hear me. + +Sprawled on an arid plain four hundred miles west of Kabul is Herat, an elegant oasis city distinguished by an immense mosque with exquisite blue-and-yellow tile work. It has been fought over many times in its long history. The latest battle ended on August 13th, when, after weeks of fighting, government forces surrendered to the Taliban. Kabul’s collapse came just forty-eight hours later. + +Herat’s defense was led in part by its former governor Ismail Khan, a tough-as-nails warlord in his late seventies. Khan is renowned in Afghanistan as a mujahideen leader, a minister in Karzai’s government, and a longtime enemy of the Taliban. He spent some three years as their prisoner, before escaping, and he later survived a suicide bombing that killed several civilians. Zabihullah Mujahid claimed responsibility for the attack. + +When Herat fell, the Taliban captured Khan, but he managed to flee to Iran. It is not clear that he poses less risk from afar. Along with other political figures—including two of Ghani’s Vice-Presidents, Amrullah Saleh and the warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum—Khan may attempt to raise an armed insurrection if the new government appears weak. + +In Bamiyan, a fighter guards the site where the Taliban demolished two historic Buddha statues in 2001. + +In Herat, the Taliban announced their presence by hanging the bodies of four alleged kidnappers above the city from construction cranes. Since then, things have mostly been quiet, but during the autumn the city began filling with displaced people, as thousands of peasant farmers and their families fled the drought-stricken provinces of Badghis and Ghor. According to Mary Ellen McGroarty, the W.F.P. director, the refugees were in a desperate state; on a recent visit, she had nearly been taken hostage by a mob of them. + +I found the refugees along a road that leads through the desert from Herat to Badghis. On a patch of treeless dirt, a few dozen families had cobbled together shelters from rocks, plastic sheeting, and discarded tin. Most of the men had worked as day laborers, paid with a portion of whatever crops they helped plant. With the drought, though, there had been no harvest, and no pay. + +Two of the women had tuberculosis, and two others were pregnant. Zainab, one of those with TB, had four children. She squatted in the dirt and explained that she couldn’t sleep well; she coughed constantly and had pain in her hands and her head. + +An elderly man named Ibrahim lived nearby, with his sister Guljan. As Guljan spoke, Ibrahim stood silently, leaning on a stick. She explained that he had been beaten by militiamen in their village three years earlier. “He hasn’t been the same since,” she said. “He talks nonsense and swears and sometimes breaks things.” The other refugees stood and listened, nodding sympathetically. They seemed distressed that their elders had no one to help them. When I asked their ages, Guljan looked uncertain and said, “Ibrahim may be seventy or eighty, and I am fifty or sixty.” (Most Afghans do not know their precise age, because they don’t traditionally celebrate birthdays.) + +Down the road, I stopped at a field where a larger group had camped out. Men and boys crowded around, jostling and talking, until their elders managed to calm them down. One elder, Jan Muhammad, told me that he had led about a hundred people to Herat, because there had been no rain where they lived: “We had nothing to eat, so we left.” He had no plan, he said. “We are hoping for some aid from the U.N., after some of its officials visited.” No one from the Afghan government had come to see them yet. A wealthy businessman had arrived a few days earlier and distributed tents, but there had not been enough for everyone. + +A man carried a young boy over to me, pulling aside his smock to show his back and left arm, where the skin had been burned to a livid, bubbled mass. The Americans had bombed his village the previous year, he explained. His older son was killed, and this boy, who was six, had sustained these burns. “It itches him,” the man said. “He can’t sleep at night.” + +Everyone there had a story of privation and despair. A young man who worked in a roadside eatery next to the encampments told me that at night, from his adjoining bedroom, he could hear the children crying of cold and hunger. With a despairing look, he said that he hoped something could be done. + +[](https://www.newyorker.com/cartoon/a26016) + +“Are you sure you want to present your ideas in the form of an airplane?” + +Cartoon by P. C. Vey + +The most important local authority was the governor of Herat, Noor Mohammad Islamjar, a scholar of Islam whom the Taliban had drafted into office. When I visited the governor’s palace, there was a kind of coat check, where visitors could leave their Kalashnikovs, and an armed guard posted by the door. Inside, Islamjar had set up an office in an elegant sitting room, a legacy of the days of the Afghan monarchy. + +Islamjar, wearing glasses and a white shalwar kameez, spoke about the refugees with scholarly detachment. “The security problems are over, but the economic problems are not,” he said. “Part of this is climate change. Other factors include the unfair sanctions.” He gave me a scolding look. “The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan will not suffer much,” he added. “But the women and old people will.” + +I reminded him that there was a humanitarian crisis on his city’s outskirts. “I hope that climate change and the drought will end,” he replied. There was also a plan to send people back to their villages, “with the help of N.G.O.s.” But what could he do _now_? Many of the people I had met had nothing to eat. Islamjar assured me that he had “instructed the Red Crescent and others to give them some assistance.” He added, “But we’re trying not to give them free food, because it creates a pattern of more people coming and establishing themselves here just to receive assistance. The main problem we have is that our assets are frozen. The situation of these people is the responsibility of those who have frozen our assets.” + +Just about everyone I spoke to in Afghanistan believed that the U.S. and its allies should release funds for humanitarian assistance. Withholding them would be cruel, and would also likely deepen anti-Western resentments. “Punishment is not the answer,” Gailani told me. “Sanctions don’t hurt the leaders, only ordinary people.” + +The public-relations disaster of the U.S. withdrawal left Joe Biden with a conundrum: ignoring the desperate situation in Afghanistan would make him look callous, but coöperating with the Taliban would make him look weak. Zalmay Khalilzad, who led the American team in negotiations with the Taliban, told me, “I thought after the overthrow that we should use the leverage we had to get the Taliban off the terror list, gradually release funds, and reopen the Embassy—so we could get what we wanted from them in exchange, which is counterterror coöperation, women’s rights, and an inclusive government.” But, he said, “it’s a problem for the Biden people, politically. How do you talk about a grand bargain with the Taliban if the American people think they’re a terrorist group? Especially when the Talibs have not done enough to dispel that perception.” + +Since last fall, the Administration has been working to provide relief without giving the regime access to funds. It granted licenses for hundreds of millions of dollars in U.S. aid, and has backed a “humanitarian exchange facility” that would allow aid organizations to help pay doctors, nurses, and other workers. The Administration has also encouraged the World Bank to release hundreds of millions of dollars from its Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund. During my visit, I saw cash, food, and winter clothing being handed out by people working under the aegis of international agencies. + +In February, Biden announced a plan for handling the seven billion dollars in Afghan money held in U.S. banks. Half would be set aside to potentially pay damages to a group of relatives of 9/11 victims who are suing the Taliban and Al Qaeda; the other half would go into a trust fund for humanitarian aid in Afghanistan. This plan provides continued relief, but it leaves the Taliban almost unable to govern, with a teetering central bank and no diplomatic recognition from the West. “The Americans need to engage with the current Afghan government through official channels, to recognize the Afghan government and coöperate with it,” Mujahid, the spokesman, told me. “Like the good relations the United States has had with Saudi Arabia, an Islamic country—they can have the same with us.” + +In recent years, though, Saudi Arabia has made at least token gestures at making its version of Islamic law more palatable to the West (notwithstanding its persecution of political dissidents). In Herat, Governor Islamjar suggested that the Afghans, too, were pursuing a “softer” sharia. The new appointees to the Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice were “just encouraging people to behave,” he said. Under updated rules, “criminals will be tried three times.” In the case of a death sentence, he said, the Supreme Leader would have to sign the authorization; no one else would have the authority to order people killed. When I asked about the men who had been hanged from cranes in his city, Islamjar looked chagrined. “They don’t plan to do this in the future,” he said quietly. + +In Kabul, I spoke with Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef about the difficulty of reconciling these disparate visions of Islamic governance. A legendary figure, Zaeef is a big, broad-faced Pashtun in his mid-fifties. He grew up in Kandahar, went to a Pakistani madrassa, joined the war against the Soviets, and helped create the Taliban. A close friend of Mullah Omar, he served for a time as the Taliban’s defense minister and, after their fall, spent four years at Guantánamo. + +Zaeef, dressed in a white shalwar kameez, told me that he was still a Talib but had not joined the government because he wanted to “be free.” (An Afghan who knows him well told me that his real motivation was concern about the Haqqanis, though Zaeef denies this.) In the meantime, he had an N.G.O., which helped war orphans, and ran a radio station, with broadcasts to “explain Islam to people” in the countryside; he also had a madrassa, with fifteen hundred students. Zaeef seemed most enthusiastic about farmland he owned in Kandahar, where he grew pistachios, pomegranates, and grapes. “They are good for the birds, and nature,” he said. + +The Taliban’s laws are being applied inconsistently across the country, and some abuses are clearly occurring. During my visit, reports circulated of Hazara farmers being forced from their land by ethnic Pashtuns, of raids on activists’ homes, and of extrajudicial executions of former government soldiers and intelligence agents. Zaeef acknowledged that the criminal-justice system remained slow and uneven, because the new authorities were not up to speed on the laws; it would take time. “Afghanistan will not be a democracy,” he said. “But it won’t be a complete dictatorship, either. For at least fifteen years, we need a system that will not allow the people to do wrong.” + +His dream was for sharia to be implemented in a way that benefitted all Afghans. He conceded that the Taliban, like the Americans, had made mistakes, but he hoped they would get it right this time. “Islamic law should not be _hard_. For the Muslim, it is a good life,” he said. “The problem is that there is not a model for Islamic law in the world today. Even I cannot explain it. It is like an ocean when you enter. But a way must be found.” + +Ibrahim Haqqani, the uncle of the Taliban’s interior minister, met me in his fortified residence in Kabul. Armed men guarded the approaches; at the end of a long driveway lined with blast walls, more gathered outside. Haqqani received me in a room with long yellow curtains, drawn against the sunlight. Apparently in his sixties, he had a long dyed-black beard and a turban flamboyant enough for a villain in “Pirates of the Caribbean.” + +Haqqani told me that he had spent most of his life fighting for two goals: to free Afghanistan of foreign intervention, and to implement sharia law. The first had been achieved. The second had yet to be. “We speak of the sharia that has been brought to us from God by its messenger,” he explained. “That is the sharia we want.” + +I told Haqqani that there was confusion about what kind of sharia the Taliban wished to implement. “There is one sharia,” he replied. “Within sharia, there is behavior that is neither sinful nor makes one an infidel, and that brings about attitudes of mercy and compassion. We are inching toward that, in order to bring ease to people and yet protect ourselves from infidel behavior. ” + +I asked if the Taliban intended to revive the strict form of sharia that they had imposed in the nineties. Haqqani told me that, to explain, it would be necessary to counter the negative impressions that had been spread by infidel propaganda. “I will give you one example,” he said. “In the past government, did we allow people to take photos? No. But now have we prevented anyone from taking photos? No, we have not. In the previous government, we prevented women from going to the marketplace on their own. What was the reason? The reason was the depravity that existed here, from the Russian era. There was no trust, and we were not confident in the women. That is why we were trying to limit women until we insured their proper security. Nowadays, though, there are not restrictions on women. They roam freely, they go to work, they are doctors, they are sitting in offices.” + +Haqqani begged my forgiveness; he had to attend the sunset prayer. While he was out of the room, I thought about the dissonance between the new government’s professions of softness and its lingering ferocity. Just weeks earlier, Haqqani’s nephew Sirajuddin had held a celebration for the families of suicide bombers. The commander Mokhbit had told me that the men he sent to their deaths were “closer to God than you or I.” + +After a few minutes, Haqqani returned and continued his thought. “We still have some concerns about the effects of American influence,” he said. But, he added, “there is a trust that Afghans will not repeat the actions of the past, and that the actions of the foreigners, and the services that were provided to them, will not be repeated. We try to take a softer approach in all aspects of sharia, where it does not contradict God’s orders.” He spoke with the assurance of an all-knowing parent: “Severity is a global principle. Whenever there is chaos in a country, strict measures are put in place, and when things become normal again the strict measures can be relaxed.” He went on, “God is patient. If a tribe takes the right path, God will give them ease and comfort, but if the tribe takes the wrong path, denying the Quran and such things, then God gives them severe punishment. This is God’s way and the world’s way.” + +On December 3rd, the Taliban issued a decree, in the name of the Supreme Leader, which held that women should have some inheritance rights and should not be forced into marriage. But it did not address their rights to work and to pursue secondary education. + +The next day, I met with a group of former senior employees of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs. They ranged in age from thirty-two to forty-six, and most had been the primary breadwinner in their family. Although female activists in Afghanistan risked violence and censure, all of them were willing to show their face and to use their real name. + +Nazifa Azimi, who had been the Ministry’s I.T. director, explained that when the Taliban swept into Kabul she and her colleagues went home, unsure what was going to happen. Quickly, though, they decided to stand their ground, and began showing up at the Ministry every morning. They found the building cordoned off by guards. “At the beginning, the Taliban guards at the door were polite and would come outside and speak to us,” Azimi said. But, after two weeks went by and nothing changed, the women decided to protest. + +Shahlla Arifi, who had been in charge of education and culture at the Ministry, led the protests. Ever since then, she said, she had been receiving threats, including texts warning her that her husband, a teacher at a school for boys, would be “taken down.” Arifi and her husband have five children, between three and fifteen years old. They had considered joining the crowds trying to evacuate from the Kabul airport, but were deterred by the chaos. + +Since then, the risks for female protesters have only increased. According to reports, several women in Kabul have vanished after attending anti-Taliban rallies in recent months. All the women I spoke to wanted to leave Afghanistan, convinced that they had no future there. Indeed, virtually every Afghan I met who was not a Talib intended to flee. Many asked for my help. In the end, they believed that what the resurgent Taliban were offering was not a “soft revolution” but, rather, an update of their previous rule. The degree of severity they apply in governing Afghanistan will depend on the circumstances they face. But people who have experienced freedom don’t like having it taken away, and many more Afghans will likely seek a way out of the country. Some may fight. The majority, however, especially the poor, will have no choice but to adapt in order to survive. + +When I asked Arifi about the Supreme Leader’s decree, she laughed and shook her head. “Their ideology hasn’t changed,” she said. “There I was in the street, asking for my rights, but they were not ready to give them to me. They pointed a gun at my head, and they shouted obscenities at me. They will do anything to convince the international community to give them financing, but eventually I’ll be forced to wear the burqa again. They are just waiting.” ♦ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.03 News/Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine.md b/00.03 News/Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0c384d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/00.03 News/Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- + +Alias: [""] +Tag: ["Politics", "War", "Russia"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "WebClipping" +Hierarchy: +TimeStamp: +Link: https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/vladimir-putins-revisionist-history-of-russia-and-ukraine +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes + +--- + +Parent:: [[@News|News]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-VladimirPutinRevisionistHistoryRussiaUkraineNSave + +  + +# Vladimir Putin’s Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine + +In the past several days, Russian military activity in eastern Ukraine has escalated, with threats of [a larger invasion](https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/putin-launches-his-invasion-of-ukraine) looming. [Vladimir Putin](https://www.newyorker.com/tag/vladimir-putin) has made clear that he believes Ukraine has [no historical claim](https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/putins-preparation-for-ukraine) to independent statehood; on Monday, he went as far as to say that modern Ukraine was “[entirely created by Russia](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/21/world/europe/putin-ukraine.html).” Putin’s statements bristle with frustration with American and European leaders for what he perceives as bringing Ukraine into the Western orbit after the end of the Cold War. But at the heart of his anger is a rejection of the political project embodied in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. For years, Putin has questioned the legitimacy of former Soviet republics, claiming that Lenin planted a “time bomb” by allowing them self-determination in the early years of the U.S.S.R. In his speeches, he appears to be attempting to turn back the clock, not to the heyday of Soviet Communism but to the time of an imperial Russia. + +I recently spoke by phone with Serhii Plokhy, a professor of Ukrainian and Eastern European history at Harvard and the author of “[The Gates of Europe](https://www.amazon.com/Gates-Europe-History-Ukraine/dp/1541675649),” an account of the emergence of Ukrainian identity. (His forthcoming book is “[Atoms and Ashes: A Global History of Nuclear Disasters](https://www.amazon.com/Atoms-Ashes-History-Nuclear-Disasters/dp/1324021047).”) During our conversation, which has been edited for length and clarity, we discussed the long-standing sources of Russian fears about Ukrainian language and identity, how Ukrainians might respond to further Russian incursions, and what Putin’s speech tells us about the complex relationship between the two nations. + +**How far back do you trace a type of Ukrainian identity that we would recognize today?** + +It depends on what element of that identity you are speaking of. If you are talking about language, that would be pretty much primordial. In terms of an identity with religious components, that would be more than a thousand years old. But the first modern Ukrainian political project started in the mid-nineteenth century, as with many other groups. The problem that Ukraine had was that it was divided between two powers: the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary. And, very early, the Russian Empire recognized the threat posed by a separate and particularly literary Ukrainian language to the unity of the empire. So, starting in the eighteen-sixties, there was a more than forty-year period of prohibition on the publication of Ukrainian, basically arresting the development of the literary language. That, along with the position between the two powers, was a contributing factor to the fact that, in the middle of World War One and revolution, with other nationalities trying and in some cases gaining independence, Ukrainians tried to do that but were ultimately defeated. + +**Why was Russia so threatened by Ukrainian identity and, specifically, language? Was it just typical imperial distrust and dislike of minority groups or languages?** + +The Russians were looking at what was happening in Europe at that time—in France in particular, where there was an idea to create one language out of different dialects or languages, which was seen as directly related to the unity of the state. So that is global. What is specific and certainly resonates today is the idea that there is this one big Russian or Slavic nation, with maybe different tribes, but, basically, they are the same nation. That is the model, from the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, which Vladimir Putin now subscribes to when he says Ukraine has no legitimacy as a nation. There is a direct connection with what is happening today. + +**You recently [wrote](https://www.ft.com/content/0cbbd590-8e48-4687-a302-e74b6f0c905d), “The Soviet Union was created in 1922-1923 as a pseudo-federal rather than a unitary state precisely in order to accommodate Ukraine and Georgia, the two most independent-minded republics.” Can you talk more about this?** + +The Bolsheviks took control of most of the Russian Empire by recognizing, at least pro forma, the independence of the different republics that they were including. And, until 1922, Ukraine was briefly an independent country or state. When the Bolsheviks signed a 1922 agreement with Germany, the Treaty of Rapallo, questions emerged from Ukrainians as to why the representatives of the Russian Federation had any rights to sign agreements for them. They decided that something had to be done, and so they discussed creating a unified state. Stalin’s idea was to have unity with different republics joining. Lenin sided with the Ukrainians and Georgians who protested against that, saying that they should create a “union state,” because his vision was for world revolution. + +**Can you define a “union state” a little more fully?** + +Formally, the Soviet Union was about the equality of the republics, from big Russia to small Estonia. The reason to even play these games about independence was that these republics had declared or fought for their independence, but the Bolsheviks took over by accommodating some national and cultural aspirations, including by giving rights to languages. + +**How did the Russian-Ukrainian relationship change once Lenin died and Stalin took power?** + +It didn’t change right after Lenin’s death because Stalin continued Lenin’s policies. He launched a campaign to accommodate Ukrainians and others and their national languages and cultures. Georgians were speaking Georgian and Armenians were speaking Armenian, but the thought was to accommodate them as long as they would buy into the Communist idea and the Communist project. + +And then, in the early nineteen-thirties, Stalin began to change that. You see the gradual revival of the symbolic importance of Russian language and culture, which, before that, had been seen as imperial and retrograde. But, even then, while they were not pushing other languages, they didn’t go after them per se. The Ukrainian famine of 1932-33 was in many ways a turning point because they didn’t just go after grain. They went after the Ukrainian language. + +In a 1932 decree, Stalin ended support for the teaching of the Ukrainian language outside of Ukraine where Ukrainians were, whether in Russia or other places. They basically stopped any education or publication in Ukrainian outside of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. And there were policies of even stricter control of Ukrainian cultural activities that were introduced within Ukraine as well. They did this to deal with the potential rise of Ukrainian nationalism. They also went after the key figures in the Ukrainian Communist Party and cultural establishment, at least two of whom ended up committing suicide, in 1933. It wasn’t just a famine; it was a broader phenomenon. The father of the concept of genocide, Raphael Lemkin, said that genocide was not just about famine in the Ukrainian case but this broader attack on institutions, languages and culture. + +**I want to move ahead to the end of the Soviet Union sixty years later, when we see an independent Ukraine. How do you look back on what happened in 1991 and those first few years of Ukrainian independence?** + +There was a huge difference between that period and 1917-18. In the first period, the idea of a Ukrainian nation and a Ukrainian revolution was basically about ethnicity, even though there were many minorities on the territory, including Russians and Poles, and many of them viewed the idea of Ukrainian independence with suspicion. But, by 1991, the idea of a nation and its connection to language and culture had changed. The Ukrainians were now imagined more as a civic nation in the making. The big industrial cities by that time were speaking Russian, and support for independence was more than ninety per cent in December of 1991. Ethnicity mattered and language mattered, but they were secondary. The majority of every region was for independence. + +**In what ways do language divisions manifest themselves among the population, beyond West vs. East?** + +Historically, Ukrainian was the language of the countryside. The twentieth century brought modernization and urbanization, and the integration of former peasants into the urban culture through the Russian language. So there was a group of people that was quite large that viewed Ukrainian as their mother tongue and had Ukrainian identity, despite the fact that they spoke Russian. + +**I would imagine this has reversed today a bit, in terms of what language people speak in the big cities.** + +This is a development of the past eight years. There may have been some movement before that, but this is really a reaction to the war. And the war started in 2014. The argument on the Russian side has been that we came to save you from cultural and various other types of oppression, and you are Russian speakers, so the assumption is that your loyalty should be with Russia. And, in many big cities, among young people and especially university students, there was a conscious choice to switch to Ukrainian. For people who grew up with the two languages, the barrier to switch is quite low. So there has been a tendency to switch languages, or associate yourself with Ukrainian language, and to send children to Ukrainian-language schools. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md b/01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md index 4ec959e7..f71236a6 100644 --- a/01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md +++ b/01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ --- +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Dashboard"] Date: 2021-11-20 DocType: "Note" diff --git a/01.02 Home/MRCK.md b/01.02 Home/MRCK.md index 0ecc6f1c..a7b231d0 100644 --- a/01.02 Home/MRCK.md +++ b/01.02 Home/MRCK.md @@ -245,7 +245,8 @@ Victorian 18th century daisy ring   -- [ ] :birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-28 +- [ ] :birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2023-02-28 +- [x] :birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-28 ✅ 2022-02-28 - [ ] :birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]'s Papa** (1962) 🔁 every year 📅 2023-02-02 - [x] :birthday: **[[MRCK|Meggi-mo]]'s Papa** (1962) 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-02 ✅ 2022-02-02 diff --git a/01.03 Family/Elise Bédier.md b/01.03 Family/Elise Bédier.md index 0fbff593..5f8c3979 100644 --- a/01.03 Family/Elise Bédier.md +++ b/01.03 Family/Elise Bédier.md @@ -98,7 +98,8 @@ style: number   -- [ ] :birthday: **[[Elise Bédier|Élise]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-28 +- [ ] :birthday: **[[Elise Bédier|Élise]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2023-02-28 +- [x] :birthday: **[[Elise Bédier|Élise]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-28 ✅ 2022-02-28     \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/01.03 Family/Hortense de Villeneuve.md b/01.03 Family/Hortense de Villeneuve.md index 64936a1f..f674440f 100644 --- a/01.03 Family/Hortense de Villeneuve.md +++ b/01.03 Family/Hortense de Villeneuve.md @@ -98,7 +98,8 @@ style: number   -- [ ] :birthday: **[[Hortense de Villeneuve|Hortense BV]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-27 +- [ ] :birthday: **[[Hortense de Villeneuve|Hortense BV]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2023-02-27 +- [x] :birthday: **[[Hortense de Villeneuve|Hortense BV]]** 🔁 every year 📅 2022-02-27 ✅ 2022-02-27     \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00.02 Inbox/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md b/03.01 Reading list/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md similarity index 98% rename from 00.02 Inbox/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md rename to 03.01 Reading list/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md index 6917371e..541e94a5 100644 --- a/00.02 Inbox/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md +++ b/03.01 Reading list/Tous les Hommes n'habitent pas le Monde de la meme Facon.md @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ Source: Language: FR Published: 2019 Link: https://www.decitre.fr/livres/tous-les-hommes-n-habitent-pas-le-monde-de-la-meme-facon-9782823615166.html - Read: + Read: 2022-02-27 Cover: https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/sites/default/files/2020/summer/duboishommes.jpg +CollapseMetaTable: yes --- Parent:: [[@Reading master|Reading list]] -ReadingState:: In progress --- diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Coffee.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Coffee.md index 5dd22fdc..52cec67c 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Coffee.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Coffee.md @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ QPstrengtg: QPbrand: QPtheme: QPcountry: +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Coffee"] Tag: ["Morning"] Date: 2021-10-26 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Wine.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Wine.md index f070408d..c08c2711 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Wine.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/!!Wine.md @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ QPvineyard: QPregion: QPterroir: QPappellation: +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Wine"] Tag: ["Epicure"] Date: 2021-10-26 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/@@Recipes.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/@@Recipes.md index da55befb..10b0c9a9 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/@@Recipes.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/@@Recipes.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ QueryTheme: Healthy QueryFavourite: QueryRating: ">3" QueryCookingTime: "" -cssclass: recipeTable +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Recipes"] Tag: ["Lifestyle", "Food", "Cooking"] Date: 2021-10-20 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Desserts.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Desserts.md index fdd1ee56..4ab39191 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Desserts.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Desserts.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ --- +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Desserts"] Tag: ["Sweet"] Date: 2021-10-21 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Main dishes.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Main dishes.md index e64226e8..5dc52de5 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Main dishes.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Main dishes.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ --- +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Main dishes", "Main Dishes"] Tag: [""] Date: 2021-10-21 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Side dishes.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Side dishes.md index 05ee2261..6ee501fd 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Side dishes.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Side dishes.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ --- +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Side dishes"] Tag: ["Vegetable", "Salad"] Date: 2021-10-21 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Snacks.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Snacks.md index 658b8c74..9584e874 100644 --- a/03.03 Food & Wine/@Snacks.md +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/@Snacks.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ --- +cssclass: cards Alias: ["Snacks"] Tag: ["Sweet", "Savoury", "ComfortFood"] Date: 2021-10-21 diff --git a/03.03 Food & Wine/Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic.md b/03.03 Food & Wine/Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7ee14f90 --- /dev/null +++ b/03.03 Food & Wine/Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +--- + +ServingSize: 4 +cssclass: recipeTable +Alias: [] +Tag: ["NotYetTested"] +Date: 2022-02-27 +DocType: "Recipe" +Hierarchy: "NonRoot" +location: +CollapseMetaTable: Yes +Meta: + IsFavourite: False + Rating: +Recipe: + Courses: "Main dish" + Categories: "Soup" + Collections: "Middle Eastern" + Source: https://www.bonappetit.com/recipe/red-lentil-soup-with-preserved-lemon + PreparationTime: 60 + CookingTime: 60 + OServingSize: 4 +Ingredients: + - 4 Tbsp. extra-virgin olive oil + - 2 whole medium onions, chopped + - 8 cloves garlic, finely chopped + - 1 whole 2inches piece ginger, scrubbed, finely chopped + - 2 tsp. ground cumin + - 0.75 tsp. ground turmeric + - 1 pinch Freshly ground black pepper + - 0.5 preserved lemon, rinsed, seeds removed, finely chopped + - 3 Tbsp. double-concentrated tomato paste + - 8 cups good-quality low-sodium vegetable or chicken broth + - 2 cups red lentils, rinsed + - 1 tsp. Aleppo-style pepper + - 1 cup torn mixed tender herbs (such as basil, dill, cilantro, and/or parsley), plus more + - 0.5 preserved lemon, rinsed, seeds removed, finely chopped (optional) + +--- + +Parent:: [[@@Recipes|Recipes]], [[@Side dishes|Side dishes]] + +--- + +  + +```button +name Edit Recipe parameters +type command +action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit +id EditMetaData +``` +^button-RedLentilSoupWithPreservedLemonCrispyGarlicEdit + +```button +name Save +type command +action Save current file +id Save +``` +^button-RedLentilSoupWithPreservedLemonCrispyGarlicNSave + +  + +# Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic + +  + +```toc +style: number +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Practical Informations + +```dataview +list without id + "" + + + "" ++ + "" + + + "" + + + "" + + + "" + + + "" + + + "" + + + "" + + + "
Courses" + this.Recipe.Courses + "
Categories" + this.Recipe.Categories + "
Collections" + this.Recipe.Collections + "
Serving size" + this.ServingSize + "
Cooking time" + this.Recipe.CookingTime + " min
" +FROM "03.03 Food & Wine/Red Lentil Soup With Preserved Lemon and Crispy Garlic" +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Ingredients + +  + +```dataviewjs +dv.view("00.01 Admin/dv-views/query_ingredient", {ingredients: dv.current().Ingredients, originalportioncount: dv.current().Recipe.OServingSize}) +``` + +  + +--- + +  + +### Instructions + +  + +#### Soup + +##### Step 1 + +Heat **2 Tbsp. extra-virgin olive oil** in a large Dutch oven or other heavy pot over medium. Cook **2 medium onions, chopped**, **4 garlic cloves, finely chopped**, and **one 2" piece ginger, scrubbed, finely chopped**, stirring occasionally, until onions are softened, 6–8 minutes. Add **2 tsp. ground cumin** and **¾ tsp. ground turmeric** and stir to coat onions. Season with **freshly ground black pepper**. Add **½ preserved lemon, rinsed, seeds removed, finely chopped**, and **3 Tbsp. double-concentrated tomato paste** and cook, stirring often, until tomato paste is darkened in color, about 4 minutes. + +  + +##### Step 2 + +Add **8 cups good-quality low-sodium vegetable** **or** **chicken broth** and **2 cups red lentils, rinsed**, and bring to a boil, skimming foam from surface as needed. Reduce heat to medium-low, partially cover, and simmer, stirring occasionally, until lentils are very tender and soup is almost creamy, 35–45 minutes. + +  + +#### Garlic chips and Assembly + +##### Step 1 + +While the lentils are cooking, heat **2 Tbsp. extra-virgin olive oil** in a small saucepan over medium. Cook **4 garlic cloves, thinly sliced**, stirring often, until golden and starting to crisp, about 3 minutes; remove pan from heat. Using a slotted spoon, transfer garlic chips to paper towels, leaving oil behind. Lightly season garlic chips with kosher salt. Stir **1 tsp. Aleppo-style pepper** into infused oil in pan and set aside. + +  + +##### Step 2 + +Remove soup from heat and stir in **1 cup torn mixed tender herbs** **(such as basil, dill, cilantro, and/or parsley)**. If soup is too thick, thin with water. Taste and add up to **½ preserved lemon, rinsed, seeds removed, finely chopped**, if desired (you may find the soup lemony enough as it is). Season with more salt if needed. + +  + +##### Step 3 + +Ladle soup into bowls. Top with garlic chips and more herbs and drizzle over reserved pepper oil. \ No newline at end of file